diff --git a/src/cliproxy/accounts/__tests__/drain-order.test.ts b/src/cliproxy/accounts/__tests__/drain-order.test.ts
index 02a0e013..42ad8242 100644
--- a/src/cliproxy/accounts/__tests__/drain-order.test.ts
+++ b/src/cliproxy/accounts/__tests__/drain-order.test.ts
@@ -591,3 +591,133 @@ describe('attribution stability - auth_index unaffected by priority rewrite', ()
     expect(map.get('1')).toBe('string@x.com');
   });
 });
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// resolveEffectiveDrainOrder - shared effective-order resolver
+// (consumed by `accounts order` show AND the quota pool section)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('resolveEffectiveDrainOrder', () => {
+  it('returns empty file-order result for no active accounts', async () => {
+    await withIsolatedHome(async () => {
+      const { resolveEffectiveDrainOrder } = await loadDrainOrder();
+      const result = resolveEffectiveDrainOrder('claude', []);
+      expect(result.mode).toBe('file');
+      expect(result.entries).toEqual([]);
+      expect(result.hasDrift).toBe(false);
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('uses stable file order (tieBreakKey) and reports no drift when no config stored', async () => {
+    await withIsolatedHome(async (homeDir) => {
+      const authDir = path.join(homeDir, '.ccs', 'cliproxy', 'auth');
+      writeAuthFile(authDir, 'claude-b.json', { email: 'b@x.com' });
+      writeAuthFile(authDir, 'claude-a.json', { email: 'a@x.com' });
+
+      const { resolveEffectiveDrainOrder } = await loadDrainOrder();
+      const result = resolveEffectiveDrainOrder('claude', [
+        { accountId: 'b@x.com', tokenFile: 'claude-b.json' },
+        { accountId: 'a@x.com', tokenFile: 'claude-a.json' },
+      ]);
+      expect(result.mode).toBe('file');
+      expect(result.entries.map((e: { accountId: string }) => e.accountId)).toEqual([
+        'a@x.com',
+        'b@x.com',
+      ]);
+      expect(result.hasDrift).toBe(false);
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('file-order: residual on-disk priorities reorder display to match the selector and flag drift', async () => {
+    await withIsolatedHome(async (homeDir) => {
+      const authDir = path.join(homeDir, '.ccs', 'cliproxy', 'auth');
+      // No drain order config stored -> file mode. But residual priorities are
+      // left on disk (e.g. after `order --reset` did not strip the attribute).
+      // The selector follows the file, so b (priority 5) must sort before a
+      // (priority 1) even though tieBreakKey alone would put a first, and drift
+      // is flagged so the user knows the file disagrees with "plain file order".
+      writeAuthFile(authDir, 'claude-a.json', { email: 'a@x.com', priority: 1 });
+      writeAuthFile(authDir, 'claude-b.json', { email: 'b@x.com', priority: 5 });
+
+      const { resolveEffectiveDrainOrder } = await loadDrainOrder();
+      const result = resolveEffectiveDrainOrder('claude', [
+        { accountId: 'a@x.com', tokenFile: 'claude-a.json' },
+        { accountId: 'b@x.com', tokenFile: 'claude-b.json' },
+      ]);
+      expect(result.mode).toBe('file');
+      expect(result.entries.map((e: { accountId: string }) => e.accountId)).toEqual([
+        'b@x.com',
+        'a@x.com',
+      ]);
+      expect(result.hasDrift).toBe(true);
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('sorts manual order by ON-DISK priority, not computed config, and flags drift', async () => {
+    await withIsolatedHome(async (homeDir) => {
+      const authDir = path.join(homeDir, '.ccs', 'cliproxy', 'auth');
+      // Two registered accounts; manual config says a then b (a > b computed).
+      writeAuthFile(authDir, 'antigravity-a.json', { email: 'a@x.com', type: 'antigravity' });
+      writeAuthFile(authDir, 'antigravity-b.json', { email: 'b@x.com', type: 'antigravity' });
+
+      const { registerAccount, saveDrainOrderConfig } = await loadRegistry();
+      registerAccount('agy', 'antigravity-a.json', 'a@x.com');
+      registerAccount('agy', 'antigravity-b.json', 'b@x.com');
+      saveDrainOrderConfig('agy', { mode: 'manual', orderedIds: ['a@x.com', 'b@x.com'] });
+
+      // On disk, re-auth/--reset left b with a HIGHER priority than a. The
+      // selector follows the file, so b should come first and drift is flagged.
+      const { writeAuthFilePriorityDirect, resolveEffectiveDrainOrder } = await loadDrainOrder();
+      writeAuthFilePriorityDirect('antigravity-a.json', 1);
+      writeAuthFilePriorityDirect('antigravity-b.json', 5);
+
+      const result = resolveEffectiveDrainOrder('agy', [
+        { accountId: 'a@x.com', tokenFile: 'antigravity-a.json' },
+        { accountId: 'b@x.com', tokenFile: 'antigravity-b.json' },
+      ]);
+      expect(result.mode).toBe('manual');
+      // b@x.com first because its ON-DISK priority (5) beats a@x.com (1).
+      expect(result.entries.map((e: { accountId: string }) => e.accountId)).toEqual([
+        'b@x.com',
+        'a@x.com',
+      ]);
+      expect(result.hasDrift).toBe(true);
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('reports no drift when on-disk priorities match the computed manual config', async () => {
+    await withIsolatedHome(async (homeDir) => {
+      const authDir = path.join(homeDir, '.ccs', 'cliproxy', 'auth');
+      writeAuthFile(authDir, 'antigravity-a.json', { email: 'a@x.com', type: 'antigravity' });
+      writeAuthFile(authDir, 'antigravity-b.json', { email: 'b@x.com', type: 'antigravity' });
+
+      const { registerAccount, saveDrainOrderConfig } = await loadRegistry();
+      registerAccount('agy', 'antigravity-a.json', 'a@x.com');
+      registerAccount('agy', 'antigravity-b.json', 'b@x.com');
+      saveDrainOrderConfig('agy', { mode: 'manual', orderedIds: ['a@x.com', 'b@x.com'] });
+
+      // Apply the computed config to disk first, then resolve: no drift.
+      const { computeManualDrainOrder, applyDrainOrder, resolveEffectiveDrainOrder } =
+        await loadDrainOrder();
+      const entries = computeManualDrainOrder(
+        ['a@x.com', 'b@x.com'],
+        [
+          { accountId: 'a@x.com', tokenFile: 'antigravity-a.json' },
+          { accountId: 'b@x.com', tokenFile: 'antigravity-b.json' },
+        ]
+      );
+      await applyDrainOrder(entries, false);
+
+      const result = resolveEffectiveDrainOrder('agy', [
+        { accountId: 'a@x.com', tokenFile: 'antigravity-a.json' },
+        { accountId: 'b@x.com', tokenFile: 'antigravity-b.json' },
+      ]);
+      expect(result.mode).toBe('manual');
+      expect(result.entries.map((e: { accountId: string }) => e.accountId)).toEqual([
+        'a@x.com',
+        'b@x.com',
+      ]);
+      expect(result.hasDrift).toBe(false);
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/cliproxy/accounts/__tests__/pool-state.test.ts b/src/cliproxy/accounts/__tests__/pool-state.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..afb9301b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cliproxy/accounts/__tests__/pool-state.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+/**
+ * Tests for the pool state resolver: per-account state classification
+ * (available / cooling / paused), drain order modes, and the cooling-vs-paused
+ * distinction driven by the persisted quota-cooldown store.
+ */
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'bun:test';
+import * as fs from 'fs';
+import * as os from 'os';
+import * as path from 'path';
+import { runWithScopedCcsHome } from '../../../utils/config-manager';
+import type { AccountInfo } from '../types';
+import type { PoolRoutingSettings } from '../pool-state';
+
+const SETTINGS_OFF: PoolRoutingSettings = {
+  poolEnabled: false,
+  strategy: 'round-robin',
+  sessionAffinityEnabled: false,
+  sessionAffinityTtl: '1h',
+};
+
+function account(partial: Partial<AccountInfo> & { id: string }): AccountInfo {
+  return {
+    provider: 'claude',
+    isDefault: false,
+    tokenFile: `${partial.id}.json`,
+    createdAt: '2026-01-01T00:00:00.000Z',
+    ...partial,
+  } as AccountInfo;
+}
+
+async function withIsolatedHome<T>(fn: (homeDir: string) => Promise<T> | T): Promise<T> {
+  const homeDir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'ccs-pool-state-'));
+  try {
+    return await runWithScopedCcsHome(homeDir, () => fn(homeDir));
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(homeDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  }
+}
+
+async function loadPoolState() {
+  return import(`../pool-state?pool-state=${Date.now()}`);
+}
+
+describe('resolvePoolState - account state classification', () => {
+  it('labels an unpaused, non-cooling account as available', async () => {
+    await withIsolatedHome(async () => {
+      const { resolvePoolState } = await loadPoolState();
+      const pool = resolvePoolState({
+        provider: 'claude',
+        settings: SETTINGS_OFF,
+        accounts: [account({ id: 'a@x.com' })],
+        now: 1_000_000,
+      });
+      expect(pool.states[0].state).toBe('available');
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('labels a manually paused account (no cooldown record) as paused', async () => {
+    await withIsolatedHome(async () => {
+      const { resolvePoolState } = await loadPoolState();
+      const pool = resolvePoolState({
+        provider: 'claude',
+        settings: SETTINGS_OFF,
+        accounts: [account({ id: 'a@x.com', paused: true, pausedAt: '2026-06-01T00:00:00.000Z' })],
+        now: 1_000_000,
+      });
+      expect(pool.states[0].state).toBe('paused');
+      expect(pool.states[0].pausedAt).toBe('2026-06-01T00:00:00.000Z');
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('labels a paused account with a matching quota-cooldown record as cooling', async () => {
+    await withIsolatedHome(async (homeDir) => {
+      const pausedAt = '2026-06-10T12:00:00.000Z';
+      const until = 2_000_000;
+      const quotaPausedPath = path.join(homeDir, '.ccs', 'cliproxy', 'quota-paused.json');
+      fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(quotaPausedPath), { recursive: true });
+      fs.writeFileSync(
+        quotaPausedPath,
+        JSON.stringify({
+          entries: [
+            {
+              provider: 'claude',
+              accountId: 'a@x.com',
+              pausedAt,
+              until,
+              reason: 'quota_exhausted',
+            },
+          ],
+        })
+      );
+
+      const { resolvePoolState } = await loadPoolState();
+      const pool = resolvePoolState({
+        provider: 'claude',
+        settings: SETTINGS_OFF,
+        accounts: [account({ id: 'a@x.com', paused: true, pausedAt })],
+        now: 1_000_000,
+      });
+      expect(pool.states[0].state).toBe('cooling');
+      expect(pool.states[0].cooldownUntil).toBe(until);
+      expect(pool.states[0].cooldownSource).toBe('persisted');
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('treats a manual pause layered over a stale cooldown record as paused (pausedAt mismatch)', async () => {
+    await withIsolatedHome(async (homeDir) => {
+      const quotaPausedPath = path.join(homeDir, '.ccs', 'cliproxy', 'quota-paused.json');
+      fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(quotaPausedPath), { recursive: true });
+      fs.writeFileSync(
+        quotaPausedPath,
+        JSON.stringify({
+          entries: [
+            {
+              provider: 'claude',
+              accountId: 'a@x.com',
+              pausedAt: '2026-06-10T12:00:00.000Z',
+              until: 2_000_000,
+              reason: 'quota_exhausted',
+            },
+          ],
+        })
+      );
+
+      const { resolvePoolState } = await loadPoolState();
+      const pool = resolvePoolState({
+        provider: 'claude',
+        settings: SETTINGS_OFF,
+        // Different pausedAt -> not the same pause the cooldown record describes.
+        accounts: [account({ id: 'a@x.com', paused: true, pausedAt: '2026-06-11T09:00:00.000Z' })],
+        now: 1_000_000,
+      });
+      expect(pool.states[0].state).toBe('paused');
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('does not treat an expired persisted cooldown as cooling', async () => {
+    await withIsolatedHome(async (homeDir) => {
+      const quotaPausedPath = path.join(homeDir, '.ccs', 'cliproxy', 'quota-paused.json');
+      fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(quotaPausedPath), { recursive: true });
+      fs.writeFileSync(
+        quotaPausedPath,
+        JSON.stringify({
+          entries: [
+            {
+              provider: 'claude',
+              accountId: 'a@x.com',
+              pausedAt: '2026-06-10T12:00:00.000Z',
+              until: 500_000, // already past relative to now below
+              reason: 'quota_exhausted',
+            },
+          ],
+        })
+      );
+
+      const { resolvePoolState } = await loadPoolState();
+      const pool = resolvePoolState({
+        provider: 'claude',
+        settings: SETTINGS_OFF,
+        accounts: [account({ id: 'a@x.com' })],
+        now: 1_000_000,
+      });
+      expect(pool.states[0].state).toBe('available');
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+describe('resolvePoolState - drain order', () => {
+  it('uses stable file order when no drain config is stored', async () => {
+    await withIsolatedHome(async () => {
+      const { resolvePoolState } = await loadPoolState();
+      const pool = resolvePoolState({
+        provider: 'claude',
+        settings: SETTINGS_OFF,
+        accounts: [
+          account({ id: 'b@x.com', tokenFile: 'claude-b.json' }),
+          account({ id: 'a@x.com', tokenFile: 'claude-a.json' }),
+        ],
+        now: 1_000_000,
+      });
+      expect(pool.drainOrder.mode).toBe('file');
+      // Token-file byte order: claude-a.json before claude-b.json.
+      expect(pool.drainOrder.order).toEqual(['a@x.com', 'b@x.com']);
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('excludes paused accounts from the drain order but keeps them in states', async () => {
+    await withIsolatedHome(async () => {
+      const { resolvePoolState } = await loadPoolState();
+      const pool = resolvePoolState({
+        provider: 'claude',
+        settings: SETTINGS_OFF,
+        accounts: [
+          account({ id: 'a@x.com', tokenFile: 'claude-a.json' }),
+          account({
+            id: 'b@x.com',
+            tokenFile: 'claude-b.json',
+            paused: true,
+            pausedAt: '2026-06-01T00:00:00.000Z',
+          }),
+        ],
+        now: 1_000_000,
+      });
+      expect(pool.drainOrder.order).toEqual(['a@x.com']);
+      expect(pool.states.map((s) => s.accountId).sort()).toEqual(['a@x.com', 'b@x.com']);
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('reports no drift in plain file-order mode', async () => {
+    await withIsolatedHome(async () => {
+      const { resolvePoolState } = await loadPoolState();
+      const pool = resolvePoolState({
+        provider: 'claude',
+        settings: SETTINGS_OFF,
+        accounts: [
+          account({ id: 'a@x.com', tokenFile: 'claude-a.json' }),
+          account({ id: 'b@x.com', tokenFile: 'claude-b.json' }),
+        ],
+        now: 1_000_000,
+      });
+      expect(pool.drainOrder.hasDrift).toBe(false);
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('follows on-disk priority and surfaces drift when the stored order diverges', async () => {
+    await withIsolatedHome(async (homeDir) => {
+      const authDir = path.join(homeDir, '.ccs', 'cliproxy', 'auth');
+      fs.mkdirSync(authDir, { recursive: true, mode: 0o700 });
+      // Auth files on disk with priorities that contradict the stored manual order:
+      // config says a then b, but disk gives b the higher priority (re-auth/--reset trap).
+      fs.writeFileSync(
+        path.join(authDir, 'antigravity-a.json'),
+        JSON.stringify({ type: 'antigravity', email: 'a@x.com', priority: 1 })
+      );
+      fs.writeFileSync(
+        path.join(authDir, 'antigravity-b.json'),
+        JSON.stringify({ type: 'antigravity', email: 'b@x.com', priority: 5 })
+      );
+
+      const { registerAccount, saveDrainOrderConfig } = await import(
+        `../registry?pool-state-drift=${Date.now()}`
+      );
+      registerAccount('agy', 'antigravity-a.json', 'a@x.com');
+      registerAccount('agy', 'antigravity-b.json', 'b@x.com');
+      saveDrainOrderConfig('agy', { mode: 'manual', orderedIds: ['a@x.com', 'b@x.com'] });
+
+      const { resolvePoolState } = await loadPoolState();
+      const pool = resolvePoolState({
+        provider: 'agy',
+        settings: SETTINGS_OFF,
+        accounts: [
+          account({ provider: 'agy', id: 'a@x.com', tokenFile: 'antigravity-a.json' }),
+          account({ provider: 'agy', id: 'b@x.com', tokenFile: 'antigravity-b.json' }),
+        ],
+        now: 1_000_000,
+      });
+      // Selector follows the on-disk priority: b (5) before a (1).
+      expect(pool.drainOrder.order).toEqual(['b@x.com', 'a@x.com']);
+      expect(pool.drainOrder.hasDrift).toBe(true);
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/cliproxy/accounts/account-safety.ts b/src/cliproxy/accounts/account-safety.ts
index 3cde38e8..3173bbfe 100644
--- a/src/cliproxy/accounts/account-safety.ts
+++ b/src/cliproxy/accounts/account-safety.ts
@@ -112,6 +112,37 @@ function loadQuotaPaused(): QuotaPausedFile {
   return { entries: [] };
 }
 
+/**
+ * Read-only view of a persisted quota-cooldown pause.
+ * Exposed for visibility surfaces (e.g. `ccs cliproxy quota` pool section)
+ * that must distinguish a quota cooldown (with a reset time) from a manual pause.
+ */
+export interface QuotaCooldownEntry {
+  provider: CLIProxyProvider;
+  accountId: string;
+  /** ISO timestamp when the account was paused (matches AccountInfo.pausedAt) */
+  pausedAt: string;
+  /** Epoch ms when the cooldown is eligible to be lifted */
+  until: number;
+  reason: 'quota_exhausted';
+}
+
+/**
+ * Return the persisted quota-cooldown pauses recorded on disk.
+ *
+ * This is the cross-process source of truth for quota cooldowns: the in-memory
+ * cooldown map in quota-manager is process-local, but quota-paused.json is
+ * written by the long-lived proxy/monitor process and read by short-lived CLI
+ * invocations. Callers use it to label an account as cooling (vs manually
+ * paused) and to show the reset time.
+ *
+ * Entries are returned as-is (including expired ones); callers decide whether to
+ * treat `until <= now` as already cooled down.
+ */
+export function readQuotaCooldownEntries(): QuotaCooldownEntry[] {
+  return loadQuotaPaused().entries.map((entry) => ({ ...entry }));
+}
+
 function saveQuotaPaused(data: QuotaPausedFile): void {
   const filePath = getQuotaPausedPath();
   if (data.entries.length === 0) {
diff --git a/src/cliproxy/accounts/drain-order.ts b/src/cliproxy/accounts/drain-order.ts
index 43a63183..d63c350d 100644
--- a/src/cliproxy/accounts/drain-order.ts
+++ b/src/cliproxy/accounts/drain-order.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ import {
   buildProxyUrl,
   buildManagementHeaders,
 } from '../proxy/proxy-target-resolver';
+import { loadDrainOrderConfig } from './registry';
 import type { AccountTier } from './types';
+import type { CLIProxyProvider } from '../types';
 
 /** Minimum valid priority value. Management layer treats 0 as delete. */
 export const MIN_PRIORITY = 1;
@@ -364,3 +366,133 @@ export function annotateCurrentPriorities(entries: DrainOrderEntry[]): void {
     entry.currentPriority = readAuthFilePriority(entry.tokenFile);
   }
 }
+
+/**
+ * Tie-break key for a token file, matching the upstream Go selector.
+ * The selector breaks priority ties by Auth.ID asc. Upstream (synthesizer
+ * file.go:120-122) lowercases Auth.ID only on Windows; on other platforms it
+ * compares by raw byte order. We mirror that platform-conditional behaviour so
+ * the displayed order matches what CLIProxy actually drains.
+ *
+ * @param platform process.platform; defaults to the current platform. Exposed
+ *   for tests so non-Windows byte-order behaviour can be asserted deterministically.
+ */
+export function tieBreakKey(
+  tokenFile: string,
+  platform: NodeJS.Platform = process.platform
+): string {
+  return platform === 'win32' ? tokenFile.toLowerCase() : tokenFile;
+}
+
+/** How the effective drain order was derived. */
+export type EffectiveDrainOrderMode = 'manual' | 'tier' | 'file';
+
+/**
+ * Effective drain order as the selector actually sees it: computed from the
+ * stored config mode, then sorted by the on-disk priority each auth file
+ * carries (the selector's real input), not by the intended config priority.
+ */
+export interface EffectiveDrainOrder {
+  /** How the stored config intended to derive order. */
+  mode: EffectiveDrainOrderMode;
+  /**
+   * Entries in selector pick order (first = drained first), annotated with the
+   * on-disk priority via annotateCurrentPriorities().
+   */
+  entries: DrainOrderEntry[];
+  /**
+   * True when the computed config priority diverges from what is actually on
+   * disk for any account. Drift happens because re-auth rewrites the auth JSON
+   * and drops the priority attribute, and --reset leaves residual file
+   * priorities; under drift the selector follows the file, not the config.
+   */
+  hasDrift: boolean;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolve the effective drain order for a provider's active (non-paused)
+ * accounts, mirroring what `ccs cliproxy accounts order` shows and what the
+ * selector actually drains.
+ *
+ * Semantics (shared by the order subcommand and the quota pool section):
+ * 1. Pick the config mode (manual when stored ids still resolve, else tier when
+ *    stored, else file order).
+ * 2. annotateCurrentPriorities() to read the on-disk priority for each account.
+ * 3. Sort by currentPriority desc (undefined treated as 0, matching the
+ *    selector), tie-break by tieBreakKey(tokenFile) asc.
+ * 4. Flag drift when the computed config priority != on-disk priority anywhere.
+ *
+ * File mode never writes priorities, but it still honours any residual on-disk
+ * priority the selector reads (e.g. left by `order --reset`): it sorts by that
+ * priority desc then tieBreakKey asc, and flags drift when any residual is
+ * non-zero. With no residuals all priorities are 0 and it falls back to plain
+ * tieBreakKey order with no drift.
+ *
+ * @param activeAccounts Accounts in rotation (callers exclude paused accounts).
+ */
+export function resolveEffectiveDrainOrder(
+  provider: CLIProxyProvider,
+  activeAccounts: DrainOrderInput[]
+): EffectiveDrainOrder {
+  if (activeAccounts.length === 0) {
+    return { mode: 'file', entries: [], hasDrift: false };
+  }
+
+  const drainCfg = loadDrainOrderConfig(provider);
+
+  // Manual mode is only usable when at least one stored ID still maps to a live
+  // account. If every stored ID is stale, fall back to the file-order view.
+  let manualValidIds: string[] | undefined;
+  if (drainCfg?.mode === 'manual' && drainCfg.orderedIds && drainCfg.orderedIds.length > 0) {
+    const existingIds = new Set(activeAccounts.map((a) => a.accountId));
+    manualValidIds = drainCfg.orderedIds.filter((id) => existingIds.has(id));
+  }
+
+  let entries: DrainOrderEntry[];
+  let mode: EffectiveDrainOrderMode;
+
+  if (manualValidIds && manualValidIds.length > 0) {
+    entries = computeManualDrainOrder(manualValidIds, activeAccounts);
+    mode = 'manual';
+  } else if (drainCfg?.mode === 'tier') {
+    entries = computeTierDrainOrder(activeAccounts);
+    mode = 'tier';
+  } else {
+    // File order: config never writes priorities, so entries carry no computed
+    // priority. The selector still reads any residual on-disk priority (e.g.
+    // left behind by `order --reset`), so annotate, sort by that priority like
+    // the other modes, and flag drift when any residual is non-zero.
+    entries = activeAccounts.map((a) => ({
+      accountId: a.accountId,
+      tokenFile: a.tokenFile,
+      priority: MIN_PRIORITY,
+      tier: a.tier,
+      tierDerived: false,
+      currentPriority: undefined,
+    }));
+    annotateCurrentPriorities(entries);
+    const fileHasDrift = entries.some((e) => (e.currentPriority ?? 0) !== 0);
+    entries.sort(
+      (a, b) =>
+        (b.currentPriority ?? 0) - (a.currentPriority ?? 0) ||
+        (tieBreakKey(a.tokenFile) < tieBreakKey(b.tokenFile) ? -1 : 1)
+    );
+    return { mode: 'file', entries, hasDrift: fileHasDrift };
+  }
+
+  // Annotate on-disk priorities (the selector's real input) before sorting.
+  annotateCurrentPriorities(entries);
+
+  // Drift: computed config priority diverges from on-disk anywhere. Missing
+  // file priority (undefined) is treated as 0, matching the selector.
+  const hasDrift = entries.some((e) => (e.currentPriority ?? 0) !== e.priority);
+
+  // Sort by on-disk priority desc (undefined as 0), tie-break by tokenFile asc.
+  entries.sort(
+    (a, b) =>
+      (b.currentPriority ?? 0) - (a.currentPriority ?? 0) ||
+      (tieBreakKey(a.tokenFile) < tieBreakKey(b.tokenFile) ? -1 : 1)
+  );
+
+  return { mode, entries, hasDrift };
+}
diff --git a/src/cliproxy/accounts/pool-state.ts b/src/cliproxy/accounts/pool-state.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6483880a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cliproxy/accounts/pool-state.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+/**
+ * Pool State Resolver
+ *
+ * Resolves the observable state of an account pool for a provider, combining:
+ * - effective drain order (Phase 4 resolver: manual / tier / file order)
+ * - per-account state: available / cooling (quota cooldown, with reset time) / paused
+ * - routing settings (strategy, session affinity) and pool routing mode
+ *
+ * These three account states map to DIFFERENT client-visible failure modes:
+ * - paused  : the account is held out of rotation by the user or a safety guard
+ * - cooling : the account hit a quota limit and is on a timed cooldown
+ * - available: the account is eligible for selection
+ *
+ * They are named distinctly so visibility surfaces never conflate "I paused it"
+ * with "it ran out of quota".
+ *
+ * Cooldown source precedence:
+ * - The proxy/monitor process writes quota-paused.json (cross-process truth).
+ *   When pool routing's cooling flip is OFF (stock disable-cooling: true) there
+ *   is simply no cooldown data to show; this resolver reports that honestly.
+ * - The in-memory quota-manager cooldown is process-local; it only contributes
+ *   when this very process applied a cooldown. The persisted entry wins when
+ *   both exist, because that is the routing truth across processes.
+ */
+
+import { resolveEffectiveDrainOrder, type DrainOrderInput } from './drain-order';
+import { getProviderAccounts } from './query';
+import { readQuotaCooldownEntries } from './account-safety';
+import { getCooldownUntil } from '../quota/quota-manager';
+import type { AccountInfo, AccountTier } from './types';
+import type { CLIProxyProvider } from '../types';
+
+/** Providers where tier metadata is tracked and tier-derived order is meaningful. */
+export const POOL_TIER_AWARE_PROVIDERS = new Set<CLIProxyProvider>(['agy', 'gemini']);
+
+/** Per-account pool state. */
+export type PoolAccountStateKind = 'available' | 'cooling' | 'paused';
+
+/** How the effective drain order was derived. */
+export type PoolDrainOrderMode = 'manual' | 'tier' | 'file';
+
+export interface PoolAccountState {
+  accountId: string;
+  tokenFile: string;
+  tier?: AccountTier;
+  /** Whether this account is the provider default. */
+  isDefault: boolean;
+  /** Resolved state. */
+  state: PoolAccountStateKind;
+  /**
+   * For state 'cooling': epoch ms when the cooldown is eligible to lift.
+   * Undefined for other states.
+   */
+  cooldownUntil?: number;
+  /**
+   * For state 'cooling': where the cooldown reading came from.
+   * 'persisted' = quota-paused.json (cross-process), 'memory' = in-process map.
+   */
+  cooldownSource?: 'persisted' | 'memory';
+  /** ISO timestamp the account was paused (manual pause), when state is 'paused'. */
+  pausedAt?: string;
+}
+
+export interface PoolDrainOrderState {
+  mode: PoolDrainOrderMode;
+  /**
+   * Accounts in effective drain order (first = drained first), as the selector
+   * actually sees it: sorted by on-disk priority, not the intended config.
+   * Paused accounts are excluded from the drain order (they are not in rotation)
+   * but still surface in `states`.
+   */
+  order: string[];
+  /**
+   * True when the stored config order diverges from what is on disk (the
+   * selector's real input). Surfaced so the quota pool section warns instead of
+   * silently showing a "next account" that disagrees with the selector.
+   */
+  hasDrift: boolean;
+}
+
+export interface PoolRoutingSettings {
+  /** Whether pool routing (fill-first + affinity + cooling) is enabled. */
+  poolEnabled: boolean;
+  strategy: string;
+  sessionAffinityEnabled: boolean;
+  sessionAffinityTtl: string;
+  /** Max credentials tried per request before a 429, when pool routing is on. */
+  maxRetryCredentials?: number;
+}
+
+export interface PoolState {
+  provider: CLIProxyProvider;
+  /** All accounts for the provider with resolved per-account state. */
+  states: PoolAccountState[];
+  drainOrder: PoolDrainOrderState;
+  settings: PoolRoutingSettings;
+}
+
+export interface ResolvePoolStateInput {
+  provider: CLIProxyProvider;
+  settings: PoolRoutingSettings;
+  /** Override for tests; defaults to getProviderAccounts(provider). */
+  accounts?: AccountInfo[];
+  /** Override for tests; defaults to Date.now(). */
+  now?: number;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Classify a single account's pool state.
+ *
+ * Precedence:
+ * 1. A persisted quota cooldown whose pausedAt matches the account's pausedAt is
+ *    a quota cooldown -> 'cooling' (cross-process truth wins).
+ * 2. A paused account without a matching cooldown record is a manual/safety pause
+ *    -> 'paused'.
+ * 3. An unpaused account with an in-memory cooldown still in effect -> 'cooling'.
+ * 4. Otherwise -> 'available'.
+ */
+function classifyAccount(
+  provider: CLIProxyProvider,
+  account: AccountInfo,
+  cooldownByAccount: Map<string, { until: number; pausedAt: string }>,
+  now: number
+): PoolAccountState {
+  const base: PoolAccountState = {
+    accountId: account.id,
+    tokenFile: account.tokenFile,
+    tier: account.tier,
+    isDefault: account.isDefault,
+    state: 'available',
+  };
+
+  const persisted = cooldownByAccount.get(account.id);
+
+  if (account.paused) {
+    // A persisted quota cooldown that matches this pause is a cooldown, not a
+    // manual pause. Match on pausedAt so a manual pause layered over a stale
+    // cooldown record is not mislabelled.
+    if (persisted && persisted.pausedAt === account.pausedAt && persisted.until > now) {
+      return {
+        ...base,
+        state: 'cooling',
+        cooldownUntil: persisted.until,
+        cooldownSource: 'persisted',
+      };
+    }
+    return { ...base, state: 'paused', pausedAt: account.pausedAt };
+  }
+
+  // Unpaused: a persisted cooldown still in effect is the routing truth.
+  if (persisted && persisted.until > now) {
+    return {
+      ...base,
+      state: 'cooling',
+      cooldownUntil: persisted.until,
+      cooldownSource: 'persisted',
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Fall back to the process-local cooldown map.
+  const memoryUntil = getCooldownUntil(provider, account.id);
+  if (memoryUntil !== undefined && memoryUntil > now) {
+    return {
+      ...base,
+      state: 'cooling',
+      cooldownUntil: memoryUntil,
+      cooldownSource: 'memory',
+    };
+  }
+
+  return base;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compute the effective drain order for the active (non-paused) accounts,
+ * mirroring the selector's pick order used by `ccs cliproxy accounts order`.
+ *
+ * Delegates to the shared resolveEffectiveDrainOrder() so the quota Pool
+ * section, the `accounts order` show, and the selector all agree: the order is
+ * sorted by ON-DISK priority (the selector's real input), and any drift between
+ * the stored config and the auth files is surfaced rather than hidden.
+ */
+function resolveDrainOrder(
+  provider: CLIProxyProvider,
+  activeAccounts: DrainOrderInput[]
+): PoolDrainOrderState {
+  const effective = resolveEffectiveDrainOrder(provider, activeAccounts);
+  return {
+    mode: effective.mode,
+    order: effective.entries.map((e) => e.accountId),
+    hasDrift: effective.hasDrift,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolve the full observable pool state for a provider.
+ */
+export function resolvePoolState(input: ResolvePoolStateInput): PoolState {
+  const { provider, settings } = input;
+  const now = input.now ?? Date.now();
+  const accounts = input.accounts ?? getProviderAccounts(provider);
+
+  // Index persisted quota cooldowns for this provider by account id.
+  const cooldownByAccount = new Map<string, { until: number; pausedAt: string }>();
+  for (const entry of readQuotaCooldownEntries()) {
+    if (entry.provider !== provider) continue;
+    cooldownByAccount.set(entry.accountId, { until: entry.until, pausedAt: entry.pausedAt });
+  }
+
+  const states = accounts.map((account) =>
+    classifyAccount(provider, account, cooldownByAccount, now)
+  );
+
+  // Drain order is computed over accounts that are in rotation (not paused).
+  // Cooling accounts remain in the order: cooling is transient and the selector
+  // still considers them in priority terms once the window lifts.
+  const activeAccounts: DrainOrderInput[] = accounts
+    .filter((a) => !a.paused)
+    .map((a) => ({ accountId: a.id, tokenFile: a.tokenFile, tier: a.tier }));
+
+  const drainOrder = resolveDrainOrder(provider, activeAccounts);
+
+  return { provider, states, drainOrder, settings };
+}
diff --git a/src/cliproxy/quota/quota-manager.ts b/src/cliproxy/quota/quota-manager.ts
index fcef7c44..81f38150 100644
--- a/src/cliproxy/quota/quota-manager.ts
+++ b/src/cliproxy/quota/quota-manager.ts
@@ -262,6 +262,26 @@ export function isOnCooldown(provider: CLIProxyProvider, accountId: string): boo
   return true;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Get the epoch-ms timestamp when an account's in-memory cooldown expires.
+ * Returns undefined when the account is not on cooldown (or the cooldown has
+ * already lapsed). This is the process-local cooldown; for the cross-process
+ * source of truth see readQuotaCooldownEntries() in account-safety.
+ */
+export function getCooldownUntil(
+  provider: CLIProxyProvider,
+  accountId: string
+): number | undefined {
+  const key = getCacheKey(provider, accountId);
+  const entry = cooldownMap.get(key);
+  if (!entry) return undefined;
+  if (Date.now() > entry.until) {
+    cooldownMap.delete(key);
+    return undefined;
+  }
+  return entry.until;
+}
+
 /**
  * Apply cooldown to an exhausted account
  */
diff --git a/src/cliproxy/routing/routing-strategy.ts b/src/cliproxy/routing/routing-strategy.ts
index ee94c6db..b649c773 100644
--- a/src/cliproxy/routing/routing-strategy.ts
+++ b/src/cliproxy/routing/routing-strategy.ts
@@ -254,12 +254,24 @@ export function disablePoolRouting(
 const GO_DURATION_SEGMENT = String.raw`(?:\d+(?:\.\d+)?(?:ns|us|µs|μs|ms|s|m|h))`;
 const GO_DURATION_PATTERN = new RegExp(`^${GO_DURATION_SEGMENT}+$`);
 
+/**
+ * Pool routing mode summary surfaced alongside routing state for the dashboard.
+ * When pool routing is enabled the generator forces fill-first + session affinity
+ * + cooling, regardless of stored routing values.
+ */
+export interface CliproxyPoolRoutingState {
+  enabled: boolean;
+  maxRetryCredentials?: number;
+}
+
 export interface CliproxyRoutingState {
   strategy: CliproxyRoutingStrategy;
   source: 'live' | 'config';
   target: 'local' | 'remote';
   reachable: boolean;
   message?: string;
+  /** Pool routing mode (proxy-wide). Present for both local and remote targets. */
+  poolRouting?: CliproxyPoolRoutingState;
 }
 
 export interface CliproxyRoutingApplyResult extends CliproxyRoutingState {
@@ -381,8 +393,28 @@ export async function fetchLiveCliproxyRoutingStrategy(): Promise<CliproxyRoutin
   return strategy;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Read the pool routing mode from the unified config.
+ * Pool routing is proxy-wide opt-in; this reflects the persisted flag, not a
+ * live selector probe.
+ */
+export function getCliproxyPoolRoutingState(): CliproxyPoolRoutingState {
+  const pool = loadOrCreateUnifiedConfig().cliproxy?.pool_routing;
+  const enabled = pool?.enabled === true;
+  return {
+    enabled,
+    // When pool routing is enabled the generator applies the POOL_MAX_RETRY_CREDENTIALS
+    // default, so surface the same effective value here to match the generated
+    // config. When disabled, max-retry does not apply; leave it unset.
+    maxRetryCredentials: enabled
+      ? (pool?.max_retry_credentials ?? POOL_MAX_RETRY_CREDENTIALS)
+      : undefined,
+  };
+}
+
 export async function readCliproxyRoutingState(): Promise<CliproxyRoutingState> {
   const target = getCliproxyRoutingTarget();
+  const poolRouting = getCliproxyPoolRoutingState();
 
   if (target.isRemote) {
     return {
@@ -390,6 +422,7 @@ export async function readCliproxyRoutingState(): Promise<CliproxyRoutingState>
       source: 'live',
       target: 'remote',
       reachable: true,
+      poolRouting,
     };
   }
 
@@ -399,6 +432,7 @@ export async function readCliproxyRoutingState(): Promise<CliproxyRoutingState>
       source: 'live',
       target: 'local',
       reachable: true,
+      poolRouting,
     };
   } catch {
     return {
@@ -407,6 +441,7 @@ export async function readCliproxyRoutingState(): Promise<CliproxyRoutingState>
       target: 'local',
       reachable: false,
       message: 'Local CLIProxy is not reachable. Showing the saved startup default.',
+      poolRouting,
     };
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/commands/cliproxy/__tests__/pool-state-renderer.test.ts b/src/commands/cliproxy/__tests__/pool-state-renderer.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b8c13641
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/commands/cliproxy/__tests__/pool-state-renderer.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/**
+ * Tests for the CLI pool-state renderer helpers: state labels (the three
+ * account states must be NAMED differently because they map to different client
+ * failure modes), reset formatting, and drain-order mode labels.
+ */
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'bun:test';
+import { describeAccountState, formatCooldownReset, modeLabel } from '../pool-state-renderer';
+import type { PoolAccountState } from '../../../cliproxy/accounts/pool-state';
+
+function state(
+  partial: Partial<PoolAccountState> & { state: PoolAccountState['state'] }
+): PoolAccountState {
+  return {
+    accountId: 'a@x.com',
+    tokenFile: 'a.json',
+    isDefault: false,
+    ...partial,
+  } as PoolAccountState;
+}
+
+describe('describeAccountState', () => {
+  it('names available, cooling, and paused states distinctly', () => {
+    const now = 1_000_000;
+    const available = describeAccountState(state({ state: 'available' }), now);
+    const paused = describeAccountState(state({ state: 'paused' }), now);
+    const cooling = describeAccountState(
+      state({ state: 'cooling', cooldownUntil: now + 5 * 60 * 1000, cooldownSource: 'persisted' }),
+      now
+    );
+
+    expect(available.label).toBe('available');
+    expect(available.tone).toBe('available');
+    expect(paused.label).toContain('paused');
+    expect(paused.tone).toBe('paused');
+    expect(cooling.label).toContain('cooling until');
+    expect(cooling.tone).toBe('cooling');
+
+    // The three labels must be mutually distinct (no conflation).
+    const labels = new Set([available.label, paused.label, cooling.label]);
+    expect(labels.size).toBe(3);
+  });
+
+  it('annotates an in-process (memory) cooldown source', () => {
+    const now = 1_000_000;
+    const cooling = describeAccountState(
+      state({ state: 'cooling', cooldownUntil: now + 60_000, cooldownSource: 'memory' }),
+      now
+    );
+    expect(cooling.label).toContain('[in-process]');
+  });
+
+  it('shows unknown when a cooling account has no reset time', () => {
+    const cooling = describeAccountState(state({ state: 'cooling' }), 1_000_000);
+    expect(cooling.label).toContain('unknown');
+  });
+});
+
+describe('formatCooldownReset', () => {
+  it('returns now for a non-positive delta', () => {
+    expect(formatCooldownReset(1_000_000, 1_000_000)).toContain('now');
+  });
+
+  it('uses minute granularity within the hour', () => {
+    const now = 1_000_000;
+    expect(formatCooldownReset(now + 5 * 60 * 1000, now)).toContain('5m');
+  });
+
+  it('uses hour granularity within the day', () => {
+    const now = 1_000_000;
+    expect(formatCooldownReset(now + 3 * 3600 * 1000, now)).toContain('3h');
+  });
+});
+
+describe('modeLabel', () => {
+  it('maps each drain order mode to a stable label', () => {
+    expect(modeLabel('manual')).toBe('manual (--set)');
+    expect(modeLabel('tier')).toBe('tier-derived (--by-tier)');
+    expect(modeLabel('file')).toBe('file order');
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/commands/cliproxy/help-subcommand.ts b/src/commands/cliproxy/help-subcommand.ts
index 4fcb7e6f..27e61e14 100644
--- a/src/commands/cliproxy/help-subcommand.ts
+++ b/src/commands/cliproxy/help-subcommand.ts
@@ -56,7 +56,10 @@ export async function showHelp(): Promise<void> {
         ['default <account>', 'Set default account for rotation'],
         ['pause <account>', 'Pause account (skip in rotation)'],
         ['resume <account>', 'Resume paused account'],
-        ['quota', 'Show quota status for all providers (Codex/Claude include 5h + weekly reset)'],
+        [
+          'quota',
+          'Show quota status + pool context (drain order, per-account available/cooling/paused)',
+        ],
         ['quota --provider <name>', `Filter by provider (${QUOTA_PROVIDER_HELP_TEXT})`],
         ['routing', 'Show current routing strategy and manual guidance'],
         ['routing explain', 'Explain strategy vs session-affinity and how sessions are recognized'],
diff --git a/src/commands/cliproxy/order-subcommand.ts b/src/commands/cliproxy/order-subcommand.ts
index 446db691..7ea1de5d 100644
--- a/src/commands/cliproxy/order-subcommand.ts
+++ b/src/commands/cliproxy/order-subcommand.ts
@@ -10,18 +10,15 @@
 
 import { initUI, header, subheader, color, dim, ok, fail, warn, info } from '../../utils/ui';
 import { extractOption, hasAnyFlag } from '../arg-extractor';
-import {
-  saveDrainOrderConfig,
-  loadDrainOrderConfig,
-  clearDrainOrderConfig,
-} from '../../cliproxy/accounts/registry';
+import { saveDrainOrderConfig, clearDrainOrderConfig } from '../../cliproxy/accounts/registry';
 import { getProviderAccounts } from '../../cliproxy/accounts/query';
 import {
   computeManualDrainOrder,
   computeTierDrainOrder,
   applyDrainOrder,
-  annotateCurrentPriorities,
+  resolveEffectiveDrainOrder,
   readAuthFilePriority,
+  tieBreakKey,
   type DrainOrderEntry,
   type DrainOrderInput,
 } from '../../cliproxy/accounts/drain-order';
@@ -35,22 +32,9 @@ import { resolveLifecyclePort } from '../../cliproxy/config/port-manager';
 /** Providers where tier metadata is expected and --by-tier is meaningful. */
 const TIER_AWARE_PROVIDERS = new Set<CLIProxyProvider>(['agy', 'gemini']);
 
-/**
- * Tie-break key for a token file, matching the upstream Go selector.
- * The selector breaks priority ties by Auth.ID asc. Upstream (synthesizer
- * file.go:120-122) lowercases Auth.ID only on Windows; on other platforms it
- * compares by raw byte order. We mirror that platform-conditional behaviour so
- * the displayed order matches what CLIProxy actually drains.
- *
- * @param platform process.platform; defaults to the current platform. Exposed
- *   for tests so non-Windows byte-order behaviour can be asserted deterministically.
- */
-export function tieBreakKey(
-  tokenFile: string,
-  platform: NodeJS.Platform = process.platform
-): string {
-  return platform === 'win32' ? tokenFile.toLowerCase() : tokenFile;
-}
+// tieBreakKey now lives in drain-order.ts (shared with the quota pool section);
+// re-exported here so existing callers/tests keep importing it from this module.
+export { tieBreakKey };
 
 function formatTierLabel(tier: AccountTier | undefined, tierDerived: boolean): string {
   if (!tier || tier === 'unknown') {
@@ -133,38 +117,23 @@ async function handleOrderShow(provider: CLIProxyProvider): Promise<void> {
     return;
   }
 
-  const drainCfg = loadDrainOrderConfig(provider);
-  let entries: DrainOrderEntry[];
-  let modeLabel: string;
+  // Shared effective-order resolver: same semantics the quota Pool section and
+  // the selector use (sort by on-disk priority, surface drift).
+  const effective = resolveEffectiveDrainOrder(provider, accounts);
 
-  // Manual mode is only usable when at least one stored ID still maps to a live
-  // account. If every stored ID is stale, fall back to the file-order view.
-  let manualValidIds: string[] | undefined;
-  if (drainCfg?.mode === 'manual' && drainCfg.orderedIds && drainCfg.orderedIds.length > 0) {
-    const existingIds = new Set(accounts.map((a) => a.accountId));
-    manualValidIds = drainCfg.orderedIds.filter((id) => existingIds.has(id));
-  }
-
-  if (manualValidIds && manualValidIds.length > 0) {
-    entries = computeManualDrainOrder(manualValidIds, accounts);
-    modeLabel = `manual (${color('--set', 'command')})`;
-  } else if (drainCfg?.mode === 'tier') {
-    entries = computeTierDrainOrder(accounts);
-    modeLabel = `tier-derived (${color('--by-tier', 'command')})`;
-  } else {
+  if (effective.mode === 'file') {
     // File order: no priority writes; show stable file order. Reached when no
     // config is stored, or when a stored manual order has only stale IDs.
     printFileOrderView(provider, accounts);
     return;
   }
 
-  annotateCurrentPriorities(entries);
-
-  // Detect drift: any account where the computed config priority does not match
-  // what is actually on disk (the selector's real input). Missing file priority
-  // (undefined) treated as 0 by the selector, so it also counts as drift when
-  // the config says something higher.
-  const hasDrift = entries.some((e) => (e.currentPriority ?? 0) !== e.priority);
+  const entries = effective.entries;
+  const modeLabel =
+    effective.mode === 'manual'
+      ? `manual (${color('--set', 'command')})`
+      : `tier-derived (${color('--by-tier', 'command')})`;
+  const hasDrift = effective.hasDrift;
 
   console.log(`  Mode:  ${modeLabel}`);
   if (hasDrift) {
diff --git a/src/commands/cliproxy/pool-state-renderer.ts b/src/commands/cliproxy/pool-state-renderer.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8c56c4c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/commands/cliproxy/pool-state-renderer.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+/**
+ * Pool State Renderer (CLI)
+ *
+ * Renders the pool context section appended to `ccs cliproxy quota` per provider:
+ * - routing mode line (pool on/off, strategy, session affinity)
+ * - effective drain order (Phase 4 resolver)
+ * - per-account state: available / cooling-until-<time> / paused
+ *
+ * ASCII only. No color is required for correctness; color is applied via the ui
+ * helpers, which already degrade to plain text under NO_COLOR / non-TTY.
+ */
+
+import { subheader, color, dim, warn } from '../../utils/ui';
+import {
+  resolvePoolState,
+  POOL_TIER_AWARE_PROVIDERS,
+  type PoolAccountState,
+  type PoolRoutingSettings,
+  type PoolDrainOrderMode,
+} from '../../cliproxy/accounts/pool-state';
+import {
+  getConfiguredCliproxyRoutingStrategy,
+  getConfiguredCliproxySessionAffinitySettings,
+  POOL_MAX_RETRY_CREDENTIALS,
+} from '../../cliproxy/routing/routing-strategy';
+import { loadOrCreateUnifiedConfig } from '../../config/config-loader-facade';
+import type { CLIProxyProvider } from '../../cliproxy/types';
+
+/**
+ * Read pool routing settings from the unified config. Pool routing, when on,
+ * uses fill-first + session affinity regardless of stored routing values, so the
+ * effective routing shown reflects the pool defaults in that case.
+ */
+export function readPoolRoutingSettings(): PoolRoutingSettings {
+  const config = loadOrCreateUnifiedConfig();
+  const poolEnabled = config.cliproxy?.pool_routing?.enabled === true;
+  const maxRetryCredentials = config.cliproxy?.pool_routing?.max_retry_credentials;
+
+  if (poolEnabled) {
+    // Pool routing overrides routing to fill-first + affinity 1h (see generator).
+    return {
+      poolEnabled: true,
+      strategy: 'fill-first',
+      sessionAffinityEnabled: true,
+      sessionAffinityTtl: '1h',
+      maxRetryCredentials,
+    };
+  }
+
+  const affinity = getConfiguredCliproxySessionAffinitySettings();
+  return {
+    poolEnabled: false,
+    strategy: getConfiguredCliproxyRoutingStrategy(),
+    sessionAffinityEnabled: affinity.enabled,
+    sessionAffinityTtl: affinity.ttl,
+    maxRetryCredentials,
+  };
+}
+
+/** Format an epoch-ms reset time as a short relative + clock label. */
+export function formatCooldownReset(until: number, now: number): string {
+  const seconds = Math.max(0, Math.round((until - now) / 1000));
+  const relative =
+    seconds <= 0
+      ? 'now'
+      : seconds < 60
+        ? `${seconds}s`
+        : seconds < 3600
+          ? `${Math.round(seconds / 60)}m`
+          : seconds < 86400
+            ? `${Math.round(seconds / 3600)}h`
+            : `${Math.round(seconds / 86400)}d`;
+  const clock = new Date(until).toLocaleTimeString(undefined, {
+    hour: '2-digit',
+    minute: '2-digit',
+  });
+  return `${relative} (${clock})`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Human label + tone for a single account state. The three states map to
+ * distinct client failure modes, so they are labelled differently on purpose.
+ */
+export function describeAccountState(
+  account: PoolAccountState,
+  now: number
+): { label: string; tone: 'available' | 'cooling' | 'paused' } {
+  switch (account.state) {
+    case 'cooling': {
+      const reset =
+        account.cooldownUntil !== undefined
+          ? formatCooldownReset(account.cooldownUntil, now)
+          : 'unknown';
+      const src = account.cooldownSource === 'memory' ? ' [in-process]' : '';
+      return { label: `cooling until ${reset}${src}`, tone: 'cooling' };
+    }
+    case 'paused':
+      return { label: 'paused (manual)', tone: 'paused' };
+    case 'available':
+    default:
+      return { label: 'available', tone: 'available' };
+  }
+}
+
+export function modeLabel(mode: PoolDrainOrderMode): string {
+  switch (mode) {
+    case 'manual':
+      return 'manual (--set)';
+    case 'tier':
+      return 'tier-derived (--by-tier)';
+    case 'file':
+    default:
+      return 'file order';
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Render the pool context section for one provider. Returns silently (renders
+ * nothing) when the provider has no accounts, so quota output stays clean.
+ */
+export function renderProviderPoolSection(
+  provider: CLIProxyProvider,
+  settings: PoolRoutingSettings,
+  now: number = Date.now()
+): void {
+  const pool = resolvePoolState({ provider, settings, now });
+
+  if (pool.states.length === 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  console.log(subheader('Pool context'));
+
+  // Routing mode line. The badge is a plain success-colored label (no marker)
+  // so it reads as a status, not an action item.
+  const routingBadge = settings.poolEnabled
+    ? color('pool routing ON', 'success')
+    : dim('pool routing off');
+  const affinity = settings.sessionAffinityEnabled
+    ? `affinity ${settings.sessionAffinityTtl}`
+    : 'no affinity';
+  // max-retry only applies when pool routing is on; mirror the generator's
+  // default so the displayed value matches the generated config.
+  const retry = settings.poolEnabled
+    ? `, max-retry ${settings.maxRetryCredentials ?? POOL_MAX_RETRY_CREDENTIALS}`
+    : '';
+  console.log(`    Routing:  ${routingBadge} | ${settings.strategy} | ${affinity}${retry}`);
+
+  // Drain order line. Order is sorted by the on-disk priority the selector
+  // actually reads, so the first account here is the real "next" account.
+  const orderMode = modeLabel(pool.drainOrder.mode);
+  if (pool.drainOrder.order.length > 0) {
+    console.log(`    Order:    ${dim(orderMode)} -> ${pool.drainOrder.order.join(' > ')}`);
+  } else {
+    console.log(`    Order:    ${dim(orderMode)} ${dim('(no active accounts)')}`);
+  }
+
+  // Drift: stored config order diverges from what is on disk. Re-auth drops the
+  // priority attribute and --reset leaves residuals, so warn instead of showing
+  // a "next account" that silently disagrees with the selector.
+  if (pool.drainOrder.hasDrift) {
+    console.log(
+      `    ${warn(
+        `Drift: stored order does not match auth files; run "ccs cliproxy accounts order ${provider}" to inspect, then re-apply with --set/--by-tier.`
+      )}`
+    );
+  }
+
+  // Per-account state. Render in drain order first, then any accounts not in the
+  // order (paused accounts are excluded from the order but still listed).
+  const stateById = new Map(pool.states.map((s) => [s.accountId, s]));
+  const ordered: PoolAccountState[] = [];
+  for (const id of pool.drainOrder.order) {
+    const s = stateById.get(id);
+    if (s) ordered.push(s);
+  }
+  for (const s of pool.states) {
+    if (!pool.drainOrder.order.includes(s.accountId)) ordered.push(s);
+  }
+
+  for (const account of ordered) {
+    const { label, tone } = describeAccountState(account, now);
+    // Color-only labels (no markers) so the per-account list reads as a clean
+    // status column. Available is success-colored; cooling and paused are
+    // warning-colored to flag them without prefixing each line with a marker.
+    const rendered = tone === 'available' ? color(label, 'success') : color(label, 'warning');
+    const defaultMark = account.isDefault ? color(' *', 'success') : '';
+    console.log(`      - ${account.accountId}${defaultMark}: ${rendered}`);
+  }
+
+  // Honest note when cooling is impossible to observe (cooling flip off).
+  if (!settings.poolEnabled) {
+    const anyCooling = pool.states.some((s) => s.state === 'cooling');
+    if (!anyCooling) {
+      console.log(
+        dim(
+          '    Note: cooling is off (stock stability mode); accounts never show a quota cooldown here.'
+        )
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Reset/management hints. Dim hint matches the order subcommand's "To update:"
+  // style, and the indent stays outside the styling helper.
+  const tierHint = POOL_TIER_AWARE_PROVIDERS.has(provider) ? ` (or --by-tier)` : '';
+  console.log(
+    `    ${dim(`Manage order: ccs cliproxy accounts order ${provider} --set <ids>${tierHint}`)}`
+  );
+  console.log('');
+}
diff --git a/src/commands/cliproxy/quota-subcommand.ts b/src/commands/cliproxy/quota-subcommand.ts
index 176e2aa4..dee53f07 100644
--- a/src/commands/cliproxy/quota-subcommand.ts
+++ b/src/commands/cliproxy/quota-subcommand.ts
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ import type {
   QuotaErrorMetadata,
 } from '../../cliproxy/quota/quota-types';
 import { isOnCooldown } from '../../cliproxy/quota/quota-manager';
+import { renderProviderPoolSection, readPoolRoutingSettings } from './pool-state-renderer';
 import { CLIProxyProvider } from '../../cliproxy/types';
 import {
   QUOTA_SUPPORTED_PROVIDER_IDS,
@@ -892,6 +893,9 @@ export async function handleQuotaStatus(
 
   console.log('');
 
+  // Pool routing settings are global to the CLIProxy config; read once.
+  const poolSettings = readPoolRoutingSettings();
+
   for (const provider of QUOTA_SUPPORTED_PROVIDER_IDS) {
     if (!shouldFetch(provider)) {
       continue;
@@ -901,6 +905,9 @@ export async function handleQuotaStatus(
     const result = providerResults.get(provider) ?? null;
     if (result !== null && runtime.hasData(result)) {
       runtime.render(result);
+      // Pool context: drain order + per-account state (available/cooling/paused).
+      // QuotaSupportedProvider ids are all valid CLIProxyProvider values.
+      renderProviderPoolSection(provider as CLIProxyProvider, poolSettings);
       continue;
     }
 
diff --git a/ui/src/components/cliproxy/routing-guidance-card.tsx b/ui/src/components/cliproxy/routing-guidance-card.tsx
index ac7eaf5f..c93bffcb 100644
--- a/ui/src/components/cliproxy/routing-guidance-card.tsx
+++ b/ui/src/components/cliproxy/routing-guidance-card.tsx
@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ export function RoutingGuidanceCard({
 }: RoutingGuidanceCardProps) {
   const { t } = useTranslation();
   const currentStrategy = state?.strategy ?? 'round-robin';
+  const poolEnabled = state?.poolRouting?.enabled ?? false;
+  const poolMaxRetry = state?.poolRouting?.maxRetryCredentials;
   const currentAffinityEnabled = sessionAffinityState?.enabled ?? false;
   const currentAffinityTtl = sessionAffinityState?.ttl ?? '1h';
   const sessionAffinityManageable = sessionAffinityState?.manageable ?? true;
@@ -172,6 +174,29 @@ export function RoutingGuidanceCard({
           </div>
         </div>
 
+        <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2 rounded-lg border border-border/60 bg-muted/20 px-2 py-1.5">
+          <div className="min-w-0">
+            <div className="text-[10px] font-medium text-foreground">
+              {t('routingGuidance.poolRouting')}
+            </div>
+            <div className="text-[10px] text-muted-foreground">
+              {poolEnabled && poolMaxRetry !== undefined
+                ? t('routingGuidance.poolMaxRetry', { count: poolMaxRetry })
+                : t('routingGuidance.drainOrderHint')}
+            </div>
+          </div>
+          <Badge
+            variant={poolEnabled ? 'secondary' : 'outline'}
+            title={
+              poolEnabled
+                ? t('routingGuidance.poolRoutingManaged')
+                : t('routingGuidance.poolRoutingOffHint')
+            }
+          >
+            {poolEnabled ? t('routingGuidance.poolRoutingOn') : t('routingGuidance.poolRoutingOff')}
+          </Badge>
+        </div>
+
         <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2 rounded-lg border border-border/60 bg-muted/20 px-2 py-1.5">
           <div className="min-w-0">
             <div className="text-[10px] font-medium text-foreground">
@@ -240,11 +265,32 @@ export function RoutingGuidanceCard({
             <Badge variant="secondary">{currentStrategy}</Badge>
             {state ? <Badge variant="outline">{sourceLabel}</Badge> : null}
             {state ? <Badge variant="outline">{state.target}</Badge> : null}
+            {state ? (
+              <Badge
+                variant={poolEnabled ? 'secondary' : 'outline'}
+                title={
+                  poolEnabled
+                    ? t('routingGuidance.poolRoutingManaged')
+                    : t('routingGuidance.poolRoutingOffHint')
+                }
+              >
+                {t('routingGuidance.poolRouting')}:{' '}
+                {poolEnabled
+                  ? t('routingGuidance.poolRoutingOn')
+                  : t('routingGuidance.poolRoutingOff')}
+                {poolEnabled && poolMaxRetry !== undefined
+                  ? ` · ${t('routingGuidance.poolMaxRetry', { count: poolMaxRetry })}`
+                  : ''}
+              </Badge>
+            ) : null}
           </div>
           <p className="max-w-3xl text-xs leading-5 text-muted-foreground">
             Proxy-wide account rotation. CCS keeps round-robin as the default until you explicitly
             change it.
           </p>
+          <p className="max-w-3xl text-[11px] leading-5 text-muted-foreground">
+            {t('routingGuidance.drainOrderHint')}
+          </p>
         </div>
 
         <div className="flex flex-col gap-2 xl:items-end">
diff --git a/ui/src/lib/api-client.ts b/ui/src/lib/api-client.ts
index 0eec23f4..788a16de 100644
--- a/ui/src/lib/api-client.ts
+++ b/ui/src/lib/api-client.ts
@@ -509,12 +509,19 @@ export interface AuthStatus {
 
 export type RoutingStrategy = 'round-robin' | 'fill-first';
 
+export interface CliproxyPoolRoutingState {
+  enabled: boolean;
+  maxRetryCredentials?: number;
+}
+
 export interface CliproxyRoutingState {
   strategy: RoutingStrategy;
   source: 'live' | 'config';
   target: 'local' | 'remote';
   reachable: boolean;
   message?: string;
+  /** Pool routing mode (proxy-wide). */
+  poolRouting?: CliproxyPoolRoutingState;
 }
 
 export interface CliproxyRoutingApplyResult extends CliproxyRoutingState {
diff --git a/ui/src/lib/i18n.ts b/ui/src/lib/i18n.ts
index 343a6542..80b32042 100644
--- a/ui/src/lib/i18n.ts
+++ b/ui/src/lib/i18n.ts
@@ -1917,6 +1917,16 @@ const resources = {
         roundRobin: 'Round robin spreads usage.',
         fillFirst: 'Fill first keeps backup accounts cold until they are needed.',
         routingStrategy: 'Routing strategy',
+        poolRouting: 'Pool routing',
+        poolRoutingOn: 'On',
+        poolRoutingOff: 'Off',
+        poolRoutingManaged:
+          'Pool routing is on: CCS manages strategy (fill-first), session affinity, and cooling for the whole proxy.',
+        poolRoutingOffHint:
+          'Pool routing is off. Enable it from the CLI (ccs cliproxy pool --enable) for fill-first drain with cooldown.',
+        poolMaxRetry: 'Max retry {{count}}',
+        drainOrderHint:
+          'Per-account drain order and cooldown state: run ccs cliproxy quota or ccs cliproxy accounts order <provider>.',
         optionalRouting: 'Optional routing',
         sessionAffinity: 'Session affinity',
         sessionAffinityOn: 'On',
@@ -4542,6 +4552,16 @@ const resources = {
         roundRobin: '轮询模式均匀分配用量。',
         fillFirst: '优先填满模式让备用账号保持冷启动直到需要时。',
         routingStrategy: '路由策略',
+        poolRouting: '账号池路由',
+        poolRoutingOn: '开启',
+        poolRoutingOff: '关闭',
+        poolRoutingManaged:
+          '账号池路由已开启：CCS 为整个代理统一管理策略（优先填满）、会话粘性和冷却。',
+        poolRoutingOffHint:
+          '账号池路由已关闭。可在命令行启用（ccs cliproxy pool --enable）以使用带冷却的优先填满。',
+        poolMaxRetry: '最大重试 {{count}}',
+        drainOrderHint:
+          '查看每个账号的排空顺序和冷却状态：运行 ccs cliproxy quota 或 ccs cliproxy accounts order <provider>。',
         optionalRouting: '可选路由',
         sessionAffinity: '会话粘性',
         sessionAffinityOn: '开启',
@@ -7230,6 +7250,16 @@ const resources = {
         roundRobin: 'Round-robin phân bổ đều lượt dùng.',
         fillFirst: 'Fill-first giữ tài khoản dự phòng cho đến khi cần thiết.',
         routingStrategy: 'Chiến lược định tuyến',
+        poolRouting: 'Định tuyến nhóm',
+        poolRoutingOn: 'Bật',
+        poolRoutingOff: 'Tắt',
+        poolRoutingManaged:
+          'Định tuyến nhóm đang bật: CCS quản lý chiến lược (fill-first), ghim phiên và làm nguội cho toàn bộ proxy.',
+        poolRoutingOffHint:
+          'Định tuyến nhóm đang tắt. Bật từ CLI (ccs cliproxy pool --enable) để dùng fill-first kèm làm nguội.',
+        poolMaxRetry: 'Thử lại tối đa {{count}}',
+        drainOrderHint:
+          'Thứ tự rút và trạng thái làm nguội từng tài khoản: chạy ccs cliproxy quota hoặc ccs cliproxy accounts order <provider>.',
         optionalRouting: 'Định tuyến tùy chọn',
         sessionAffinity: 'Ghim phiên',
         sessionAffinityOn: 'Bật',
@@ -10395,6 +10425,16 @@ const resources = {
         roundRobin: 'ラウンドロビンで利用を分散します。',
         fillFirst: 'Fill first は、バックアップアカウントが必要になるまで待機させます。',
         routingStrategy: 'ルーティング戦略',
+        poolRouting: 'プールルーティング',
+        poolRoutingOn: 'オン',
+        poolRoutingOff: 'オフ',
+        poolRoutingManaged:
+          'プールルーティングが有効です。CCS がプロキシ全体の戦略（fill-first）、セッション固定、クールダウンを管理します。',
+        poolRoutingOffHint:
+          'プールルーティングは無効です。CLI（ccs cliproxy pool --enable）で有効にすると、クールダウン付きの fill-first を利用できます。',
+        poolMaxRetry: '最大リトライ {{count}}',
+        drainOrderHint:
+          'アカウントごとのドレイン順序とクールダウン状態は、ccs cliproxy quota または ccs cliproxy accounts order <provider> を実行してください。',
         optionalRouting: 'オプションのルーティング',
         sessionAffinity: 'セッション固定',
         sessionAffinityOn: 'オン',
@@ -12657,6 +12697,16 @@ const resources = {
         roundRobin: '라운드 로빈은 사용량을 분산합니다.',
         fillFirst: '먼저 채우기는 필요할 때까지 백업 계정을 차갑게 유지합니다.',
         routingStrategy: '라우팅 전략',
+        poolRouting: '풀 라우팅',
+        poolRoutingOn: '켜짐',
+        poolRoutingOff: '꺼짐',
+        poolRoutingManaged:
+          '풀 라우팅이 켜져 있습니다. CCS가 프록시 전체의 전략(fill-first), 세션 어피니티, 쿨다운을 관리합니다.',
+        poolRoutingOffHint:
+          '풀 라우팅이 꺼져 있습니다. CLI(ccs cliproxy pool --enable)에서 켜면 쿨다운이 있는 fill-first를 사용할 수 있습니다.',
+        poolMaxRetry: '최대 재시도 {{count}}',
+        drainOrderHint:
+          '계정별 드레인 순서와 쿨다운 상태는 ccs cliproxy quota 또는 ccs cliproxy accounts order <provider>를 실행하세요.',
         optionalRouting: '선택적 라우팅',
         sessionAffinity: '세션 어피니티',
         sessionAffinityOn: '켜짐',