diff --git a/src/errors/__tests__/error-types.test.ts b/src/errors/__tests__/error-types.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a28b240
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/errors/__tests__/error-types.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+import { describe, it, expect } from 'bun:test';
+import { CCSError, RetryableError, isCCSError, isRecoverableError } from '../error-types';
+import { ExitCode } from '../exit-codes';
+
+describe('RetryableError', () => {
+  it('extends CCSError', () => {
+    const err = new RetryableError('test');
+    expect(err).toBeInstanceOf(CCSError);
+    expect(err).toBeInstanceOf(RetryableError);
+  });
+
+  it('sets name to RetryableError', () => {
+    const err = new RetryableError('test');
+    expect(err.name).toBe('RetryableError');
+  });
+
+  it('sets recoverable to true', () => {
+    const err = new RetryableError('test');
+    expect(err.recoverable).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('defaults exit code to GENERAL_ERROR', () => {
+    const err = new RetryableError('test');
+    expect(err.code).toBe(ExitCode.GENERAL_ERROR);
+  });
+
+  it('passes message through', () => {
+    const err = new RetryableError('something went wrong');
+    expect(err.message).toBe('something went wrong');
+  });
+
+  it('accepts an optional cause', () => {
+    const cause = new Error('original');
+    const err = new RetryableError('wrapped', cause);
+    expect(err.cause).toBe(cause);
+  });
+
+  it('accepts an optional retryAfter (ms)', () => {
+    const err = new RetryableError('rate limited', undefined, 5000);
+    expect(err.retryAfter).toBe(5000);
+  });
+
+  it('defaults retryAfter to undefined', () => {
+    const err = new RetryableError('test');
+    expect(err.retryAfter).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+
+  it('is identified by isCCSError', () => {
+    const err = new RetryableError('test');
+    expect(isCCSError(err)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('is identified as recoverable by isRecoverableError', () => {
+    const err = new RetryableError('test');
+    expect(isRecoverableError(err)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('has a proper stack trace', () => {
+    const err = new RetryableError('test');
+    expect(err.stack).toBeDefined();
+    expect(err.stack).toContain('RetryableError');
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/errors/error-types.ts b/src/errors/error-types.ts
index 08424dfe..c0b8a9b2 100644
--- a/src/errors/error-types.ts
+++ b/src/errors/error-types.ts
@@ -169,6 +169,21 @@ export class ValidationError extends CCSError {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Retryable/transient error
+ * Signals that the operation may succeed on retry (e.g. rate limits, timeouts)
+ */
+export class RetryableError extends CCSError {
+  constructor(
+    message: string,
+    public readonly cause?: Error,
+    public readonly retryAfter?: number // ms until next attempt
+  ) {
+    super(message, ExitCode.GENERAL_ERROR, true);
+    this.name = 'RetryableError';
+  }
+}
+
 /**
  * Type guard to check if an error is a CCSError
  */
diff --git a/src/errors/index.ts b/src/errors/index.ts
index 40d2cd4b..45e89b7d 100644
--- a/src/errors/index.ts
+++ b/src/errors/index.ts
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ export {
   ProxyError,
   MigrationError,
   UserAbortError,
+  RetryableError,
   isCCSError,
   isRecoverableError,
 } from './error-types';
diff --git a/src/utils/__tests__/retry-strategy.test.ts b/src/utils/__tests__/retry-strategy.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e22693ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/utils/__tests__/retry-strategy.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, mock, spyOn } from 'bun:test';
+import { withRetry, type RetryOptions } from '../retry-strategy';
+import { RetryableError } from '../../errors/error-types';
+
+describe('withRetry', () => {
+  it('returns the result on first success', async () => {
+    const fn = mock(() => Promise.resolve(42));
+    const result = await withRetry(fn, { maxRetries: 3, baseDelayMs: 10 });
+    expect(result).toBe(42);
+    expect(fn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it('retries on RetryableError and succeeds', async () => {
+    let attempt = 0;
+    const fn = mock(() => {
+      attempt++;
+      if (attempt < 3) {
+        return Promise.reject(new RetryableError('transient failure'));
+      }
+      return Promise.resolve('ok');
+    });
+
+    const result = await withRetry(fn, { maxRetries: 5, baseDelayMs: 1 });
+    expect(result).toBe('ok');
+    expect(fn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
+  });
+
+  it('throws after max retries exhausted', async () => {
+    const fn = mock(() => Promise.reject(new RetryableError('always fails')));
+    await expect(withRetry(fn, { maxRetries: 2, baseDelayMs: 1 })).rejects.toThrow('always fails');
+    // 1 initial + 2 retries = 3 total calls
+    expect(fn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
+  });
+
+  it('does not retry non-retryable errors', async () => {
+    const fn = mock(() => Promise.reject(new Error('fatal')));
+    await expect(withRetry(fn, { maxRetries: 3, baseDelayMs: 1 })).rejects.toThrow('fatal');
+    expect(fn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it('does not retry errors with recoverable=false', async () => {
+    const fn = mock(() => Promise.reject(new Error('non-retryable')));
+    await expect(withRetry(fn, { maxRetries: 3, baseDelayMs: 1 })).rejects.toThrow('non-retryable');
+    expect(fn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it('uses custom retryableCheck when provided', async () => {
+    let attempt = 0;
+    const fn = mock(() => {
+      attempt++;
+      if (attempt < 2) {
+        return Promise.reject(new Error('custom-retry'));
+      }
+      return Promise.resolve('recovered');
+    });
+
+    const customCheck = (error: unknown) =>
+      error instanceof Error && error.message === 'custom-retry';
+
+    const result = await withRetry(fn, {
+      maxRetries: 5,
+      baseDelayMs: 1,
+      retryableCheck: customCheck,
+    });
+    expect(result).toBe('recovered');
+    expect(fn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+  });
+
+  it('calls onRetry callback on each retry attempt', async () => {
+    const onRetry = mock(() => {});
+    const fn = mock(() => Promise.reject(new RetryableError('fail')));
+
+    await expect(withRetry(fn, { maxRetries: 3, baseDelayMs: 1, onRetry })).rejects.toThrow('fail');
+
+    // 1 initial + 3 retries = 3 onRetry calls (not called for initial)
+    expect(onRetry).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
+    // First retry call
+    expect(onRetry.mock.calls[0][1]).toBe(1);
+  });
+
+  it('respects maxDelayMs cap', async () => {
+    const sleepSpy = spyOn(globalThis, 'setTimeout');
+    let attempt = 0;
+    const fn = mock(() => {
+      attempt++;
+      if (attempt <= 2) {
+        return Promise.reject(new RetryableError('fail'));
+      }
+      return Promise.resolve('ok');
+    });
+
+    await withRetry(fn, {
+      maxRetries: 5,
+      baseDelayMs: 1000,
+      maxDelayMs: 200,
+    });
+
+    // Verify setTimeout was called with delay <= maxDelayMs (200ms) + jitter buffer
+    // Jitter adds 0-20% of delay, so max possible is 240ms
+    for (const call of sleepSpy.mock.calls) {
+      const delay = call[1] as number;
+      expect(delay).toBeLessThanOrEqual(250); // allow small jitter overhead
+    }
+    sleepSpy.mockRestore();
+  });
+
+  it('uses default backoffMultiplier when not specified', async () => {
+    let attempt = 0;
+    const fn = mock(() => {
+      attempt++;
+      if (attempt < 2) {
+        return Promise.reject(new RetryableError('fail'));
+      }
+      return Promise.resolve('ok');
+    });
+
+    // Should not throw - defaults to multiplier of 2
+    await expect(withRetry(fn, { maxRetries: 3, baseDelayMs: 1 })).resolves.toBe('ok');
+  });
+
+  it('applies exponential backoff with custom multiplier', async () => {
+    const sleepSpy = spyOn(globalThis, 'setTimeout');
+    let attempt = 0;
+    const fn = mock(() => {
+      attempt++;
+      if (attempt <= 3) {
+        return Promise.reject(new RetryableError('fail'));
+      }
+      return Promise.resolve('ok');
+    });
+
+    await withRetry(fn, {
+      maxRetries: 5,
+      baseDelayMs: 10,
+      backoffMultiplier: 3,
+    });
+
+    // Delays should grow: ~10, ~30, ~90 (with jitter)
+    const delays = sleepSpy.mock.calls.map((call) => call[1] as number);
+    // First delay should be close to base * multiplier^0 = 10
+    expect(delays[0]).toBeGreaterThan(5);
+    expect(delays[0]).toBeLessThan(25); // 10 + jitter
+    // Second delay should be close to base * multiplier^1 = 30
+    expect(delays[1]).toBeGreaterThan(20);
+    expect(delays[1]).toBeLessThan(50); // 30 + jitter
+
+    sleepSpy.mockRestore();
+  });
+
+  it('passes through errors that are not Error instances', async () => {
+    const fn = mock(() => Promise.reject('string error'));
+    await expect(withRetry(fn, { maxRetries: 3, baseDelayMs: 1 })).rejects.toBe('string error');
+    expect(fn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it('works with maxRetries of 0 (no retries)', async () => {
+    const fn = mock(() => Promise.reject(new RetryableError('fail')));
+    await expect(withRetry(fn, { maxRetries: 0, baseDelayMs: 1 })).rejects.toThrow('fail');
+    expect(fn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/utils/retry-strategy.ts b/src/utils/retry-strategy.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..988f9216
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/utils/retry-strategy.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+/**
+ * Retry Strategy Utility
+ *
+ * Reusable exponential-backoff retry wrapper extracted from
+ * scattered retry logic in glmt-proxy and binary/downloader.
+ *
+ * Usage:
+ *   const data = await withRetry(() => fetch(url), { maxRetries: 3, baseDelayMs: 100 });
+ */
+
+import { RetryableError, isRecoverableError } from '../errors/error-types';
+
+/** Configuration options for retry behavior */
+export interface RetryOptions {
+  /** Maximum number of retry attempts (default: 3) */
+  maxRetries: number;
+  /** Base delay in ms for the first retry (default: 1000) */
+  baseDelayMs: number;
+  /** Upper bound for the computed delay (default: 30000) */
+  maxDelayMs?: number;
+  /** Multiplier applied per attempt (default: 2) */
+  backoffMultiplier?: number;
+  /** Override the default retryability check */
+  retryableCheck?: (error: unknown) => boolean;
+  /** Callback fired before each retry (not fired on initial call) */
+  onRetry?: (error: Error, attempt: number) => void;
+}
+
+const DEFAULT_MAX_DELAY_MS = 30_000;
+const DEFAULT_MULTIPLIER = 2;
+const JITTER_RATIO = 0.2; // 20% of delay as random jitter
+
+/**
+ * Check whether an unknown thrown value is retryable.
+ * Uses CCSError.recoverable flag and RetryableError instance check.
+ */
+function defaultRetryableCheck(error: unknown): boolean {
+  if (error instanceof RetryableError) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (isRecoverableError(error)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compute backoff delay: base * multiplier^attempt + jitter, capped at maxDelay.
+ */
+function computeDelay(
+  attempt: number,
+  baseDelayMs: number,
+  maxDelayMs: number,
+  multiplier: number
+): number {
+  const exponentialDelay = Math.min(baseDelayMs * Math.pow(multiplier, attempt), maxDelayMs);
+  const jitter = exponentialDelay * JITTER_RATIO * Math.random();
+  return exponentialDelay + jitter;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Sleep for the specified number of milliseconds.
+ */
+function sleep(ms: number): Promise<void> {
+  return new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Execute `fn` with automatic retries on retryable failures.
+ *
+ * Retryability defaults to checking for `RetryableError` instances
+ * and CCSError with `recoverable === true`. Override with `retryableCheck`.
+ *
+ * @param fn - The async function to execute
+ * @param options - Retry configuration
+ * @returns The resolved value from `fn`
+ * @throws The last error encountered after exhausting retries
+ */
+export async function withRetry<T>(fn: () => Promise<T>, options: RetryOptions): Promise<T> {
+  const {
+    maxRetries,
+    baseDelayMs,
+    maxDelayMs = DEFAULT_MAX_DELAY_MS,
+    backoffMultiplier = DEFAULT_MULTIPLIER,
+    retryableCheck = defaultRetryableCheck,
+    onRetry,
+  } = options;
+
+  const isRetryable = retryableCheck ?? defaultRetryableCheck;
+  let lastError: unknown;
+
+  for (let attempt = 0; attempt <= maxRetries; attempt++) {
+    try {
+      return await fn();
+    } catch (error) {
+      lastError = error;
+
+      // No more retries left
+      if (attempt >= maxRetries) {
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // Check retryability
+      if (!isRetryable(error)) {
+        break;
+      }
+
+      const err = error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error));
+      onRetry?.(err, attempt + 1);
+
+      const delay = computeDelay(attempt, baseDelayMs, maxDelayMs, backoffMultiplier);
+      await sleep(delay);
+    }
+  }
+
+  throw lastError;
+}