---
title: "Queue-Based Load Leveling Pattern in Java: Balancing Workloads for Scalable Performance"
shortTitle: Queue-Based Load Leveling
description: "Master the Queue-Based Load Leveling pattern in Java with our comprehensive guide. Learn how to enhance system resilience, manage workload efficiently, and prevent overload with effective asynchronous buffering techniques."
category: Resilience
language: en
tag:
  - Asynchronous
  - Buffering
  - Decoupling
  - Fault tolerance
  - Messaging
  - Scalability
  - Synchronization
  - Thread management
---

## Also known as

* Load Leveling
* Message Queuing

## Intent of Queue-Based Load Leveling Design Pattern

The Queue-Based Load Leveling pattern expertly manages system load balancing in Java by utilizing a queue to efficiently distribute the workload among producers and consumers, enhancing system performance and scalability.

## Detailed Explanation of Queue-Based Load Leveling Pattern with Real-World Examples

Real-world example

> In a practical scenario, akin to a bustling restaurant, Queue-Based Load Leveling serves as a system optimization strategy, where orders are systematically queued to maintain high service quality and efficiency. During peak hours, if all customers were served immediately, the kitchen would be overwhelmed, leading to long wait times and potential mistakes in orders. To manage this, the restaurant implements a queue-based load leveling system using a ticketing machine. 
>
> When customers place orders, they receive a ticket number and their order is placed in a queue. The kitchen staff then processes orders one at a time in the order they were received. This ensures that the kitchen can handle the workload at a manageable pace, preventing overload and maintaining service quality. Customers wait comfortably knowing their order is in line and will be handled efficiently, even during the busiest times.

In plain words

> Queue-Based Load Leveling is a design pattern that uses a queue to manage and balance the workload between producers and consumers, preventing system overload and ensuring smooth processing.

Wikipedia says

> Message Queues are essential components for inter-process communication (IPC) and inter-thread communication, using queues to manage the passing of messages. They help in decoupling producers and consumers, allowing asynchronous processing, which is a key aspect of the Queue-Based Load Leveling pattern.

## Programmatic Example of Queue-Based Load Leveling Pattern in Java

The Queue-Based Load Leveling pattern helps to manage high-volume, sporadic bursts of tasks that can overwhelm a system. It uses a queue as a buffer to hold tasks, decoupling the task generation from task processing. Tasks are processed at a controlled rate, ensuring optimal load management and fault tolerance, crucial for maintaining robust system architecture.

First, let's look at the `MessageQueue` and `Message` classes. The `MessageQueue` acts as a buffer, storing messages until they are retrieved by the `ServiceExecutor`. The `Message` represents the tasks to be processed.

```java
public class Message {
  // Message details
}
```

```java
public class MessageQueue {
  private Queue<Message> queue;

  public MessageQueue() {
    queue = new LinkedList<>();
  }

  // Method to add a message to the queue
  public void addMessage(Message message) {
    queue.add(message);
  }

  // Method to retrieve a message from the queue
  public Message getMessage() {
    return queue.poll();
  }
}
```

Next, we have the `TaskGenerator` class. This class represents the task producers. It generates tasks and submits them to the `MessageQueue`.

```java
public class TaskGenerator implements Runnable {
    
  private MessageQueue msgQueue;
  private int taskCount;

  public TaskGenerator(MessageQueue msgQueue, int taskCount) {
    this.msgQueue = msgQueue;
    this.taskCount = taskCount;
  }

  @Override
  public void run() {
    for (int i = 0; i < taskCount; i++) {
      Message message = new Message(); // Create a new message
      msgQueue.addMessage(message); // Add the message to the queue
    }
  }
}
```

The `ServiceExecutor` class represents the task consumer. It retrieves tasks from the `MessageQueue` and processes them.

```java
public class ServiceExecutor implements Runnable {
    
  private MessageQueue msgQueue;

  public ServiceExecutor(MessageQueue msgQueue) {
    this.msgQueue = msgQueue;
  }

  @Override
  public void run() {
    while (true) {
      Message message = msgQueue.getMessage(); // Retrieve a message from the queue
      if (message != null) {
        // Process the message
      } else {
        // No more messages to process
        break;
      }
    }
  }
}
```

Finally, we have the `App` class which sets up the `TaskGenerator` and `ServiceExecutor` threads and submits them to an `ExecutorService`.

```java
public class App {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    var msgQueue = new MessageQueue();

    final var taskRunnable1 = new TaskGenerator(msgQueue, 5);
    final var taskRunnable2 = new TaskGenerator(msgQueue, 1);
    final var taskRunnable3 = new TaskGenerator(msgQueue, 2);

    final var srvRunnable = new ServiceExecutor(msgQueue);

    ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
    executor.submit(taskRunnable1);
    executor.submit(taskRunnable2);
    executor.submit(taskRunnable3);
    executor.submit(srvRunnable);

    executor.shutdown();
  }
}
```

In this example, the `TaskGenerator` threads generate tasks at a variable rate and submit them to the `MessageQueue`. The `ServiceExecutor` retrieves the tasks from the queue and processes them at its own pace, preventing the system from being overwhelmed by peak loads.

Running the application produces the following console output:

```
[main] INFO App - Submitting TaskGenerators and ServiceExecutor threads.
[main] INFO App - Initiating shutdown. Executor will shutdown only after all the Threads are completed.
[pool-1-thread-2] INFO TaskGenerator - Message-1 submitted by pool-1-thread-2
[pool-1-thread-1] INFO TaskGenerator - Message-5 submitted by pool-1-thread-1
[pool-1-thread-1] INFO TaskGenerator - Message-4 submitted by pool-1-thread-1
[pool-1-thread-2] INFO TaskGenerator - Message-2 submitted by pool-1-thread-2
[pool-1-thread-1] INFO TaskGenerator - Message-3 submitted by pool-1-thread-1
[pool-1-thread-2] INFO TaskGenerator - Message-1 submitted by pool-1-thread-2
[pool-1-thread-1] INFO TaskGenerator - Message-2 submitted by pool-1-thread-1
[pool-1-thread-2] INFO ServiceExecutor - Message-1 submitted by pool-1-thread-2 is served.
[pool-1-thread-1] INFO TaskGenerator - Message-1 submitted by pool-1-thread-1
[pool-1-thread-2] INFO ServiceExecutor - Message-5 submitted by pool-1-thread-1 is served.
[pool-1-thread-2] INFO ServiceExecutor - Message-4 submitted by pool-1-thread-1 is served.
[pool-1-thread-2] INFO ServiceExecutor - Message-2 submitted by pool-1-thread-2 is served.
[pool-1-thread-2] INFO ServiceExecutor - Message-3 submitted by pool-1-thread-1 is served.
[pool-1-thread-2] INFO ServiceExecutor - Message-1 submitted by pool-1-thread-2 is served.
[pool-1-thread-2] INFO ServiceExecutor - Message-2 submitted by pool-1-thread-1 is served.
[pool-1-thread-2] INFO ServiceExecutor - Message-1 submitted by pool-1-thread-1 is served.
[pool-1-thread-2] INFO ServiceExecutor - Service Executor: Waiting for Messages to serve .. 
[pool-1-thread-2] INFO ServiceExecutor - Service Executor: Waiting for Messages to serve .. 
[pool-1-thread-2] INFO ServiceExecutor - Service Executor: Waiting for Messages to serve .. 
[pool-1-thread-2] INFO ServiceExecutor - Service Executor: Waiting for Messages to serve .. 
[main] INFO App - Executor was shut down and Exiting.
[pool-1-thread-2] ERROR ServiceExecutor - sleep interrupted
```

## When to Use the Queue-Based Load Leveling Pattern in Java

* When there are variable workloads, and you need to ensure that peak loads do not overwhelm the system
* In distributed systems where tasks are produced at a different rate than they are consumed
* For decoupling producers and consumers in an asynchronous messaging system

## Real-World Applications of Queue-Based Load Leveling Pattern in Java

* Amazon Web Services (AWS) Simple Queue Service (SQS)
* RabbitMQ
* Java Message Service (JMS) in enterprise Java applications

## Benefits and Trade-offs of Queue-Based Load Leveling Pattern

Benefits:

* Decouples the producers and consumers, allowing each to operate at its own pace
* Increases system resilience and fault tolerance by preventing overload conditions
* Enhances scalability by allowing more consumers to be added to handle increased load

Trade-offs:

* Adds complexity to the system architecture
* May introduce latency as messages need to be queued and dequeued
* Requires additional components (queues) to be managed and monitored

## Related Java Design Patterns

* Asynchronous Messaging: Queue-Based Load Leveling uses asynchronous messaging to decouple producers and consumers
* [Circuit Breaker](https://java-design-patterns.com/patterns/circuit-breaker/): Often used in conjunction with Queue-Based Load Leveling to prevent system overloads by temporarily halting message processing
* [Producer-Consumer](https://java-design-patterns.com/patterns/producer-consumer/): Queue-Based Load Leveling is a specific application of the Producer-Consumer pattern where the queue serves as the intermediary
* [Retry](https://java-design-patterns.com/patterns/retry/): Works with Queue-Based Load Leveling to handle transient failures by retrying failed operations

## References and Credits

* [Designing Data-Intensive Applications: The Big Ideas Behind Reliable, Scalable, and Maintainable Systems](https://amzn.to/3y6yv1z)
* [Enterprise Integration Patterns: Designing, Building, and Deploying Messaging Solutions](https://amzn.to/3WcFVui)
* [Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture](https://amzn.to/3WfKBPR)
* [Queue-Based Load Leveling - Microsoft](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/architecture/patterns/queue-based-load-leveling)
