feat: Money pattern (#3109)

* Money pattern

the implementation of the money patter and the tests along with the read me file

* Update money/README.md

Co-authored-by: Ilkka Seppälä <iluwatar@users.noreply.github.com>

* added App file anf modified README file and pom.xml file

* modified README and pom.xml

* added comments

* Added a test for App.java

---------

Co-authored-by: Ilkka Seppälä <iluwatar@users.noreply.github.com>

money/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/App.java

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+package com.iluwatar;
+
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+/**
+ * The `App` class demonstrates the functionality of the {@link Money} class, which encapsulates
+ * monetary values and their associated currencies. It showcases operations like addition,
+ * subtraction, multiplication, and currency conversion, while ensuring validation and immutability.
+ *
+ * <p>Through this example, the handling of invalid operations (e.g., mismatched currencies or
+ * invalid inputs) is demonstrated using custom exceptions. Logging is used for transparency.
+ *
+ * <p>This highlights the practical application of object-oriented principles such as encapsulation
+ * and validation in a financial context.
+ */
+public class App {
+
+  // Initialize the logger
+  private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(App.class.getName());
+  /**
+   * Program entry point.
+   *
+   * @param args command line args
+   */
+  public static void main(String[] args) {
+    // Create instances of Money
+    Money usdAmount1 = new Money(50.00, "USD");
+    Money usdAmount2 = new Money(20.00, "USD");
+
+    // Demonstrate addition
+    try {
+      usdAmount1.addMoney(usdAmount2);
+      logger.log(Level.INFO, "Sum in USD: {0}", usdAmount1.getAmount());
+    } catch (CannotAddTwoCurrienciesException e) {
+      logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error adding money: {0}", e.getMessage());
+    }
+
+    // Demonstrate subtraction
+    try {
+      usdAmount1.subtractMoney(usdAmount2);
+      logger.log(Level.INFO, "Difference in USD: {0}", usdAmount1.getAmount());
+    } catch (CannotSubtractException e) {
+      logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error subtracting money: {0}", e.getMessage());
+    }
+
+    // Demonstrate multiplication
+    try {
+      usdAmount1.multiply(2);
+      logger.log(Level.INFO, "Multiplied Amount in USD: {0}", usdAmount1.getAmount());
+    } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+      logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error multiplying money: {0}", e.getMessage());
+    }
+
+    // Demonstrate currency conversion
+    try {
+      double exchangeRateUsdToEur = 0.85; // Example exchange rate
+      usdAmount1.exchangeCurrency("EUR", exchangeRateUsdToEur);
+      logger.log(Level.INFO, "USD converted to EUR: {0} {1}", new Object[]{usdAmount1.getAmount(), usdAmount1.getCurrency()});
+    } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+      logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error converting currency: {0}", e.getMessage());
+    }
+
+  }
+}
+

money/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/CannotAddTwoCurrienciesException.java

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+package com.iluwatar;
+/**
+ * An exception for when the user tries to add two diffrent currencies.
+ */
+public class CannotAddTwoCurrienciesException extends Exception {
+  /**
+   * Constructs an exception with the specified message.
+   *
+   * @param message the message shown in the terminal (as a String).
+   */
+  public CannotAddTwoCurrienciesException(String message) {
+    super(message);
+  }
+}

money/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/CannotSubtractException.java

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+package com.iluwatar;
+/**
+ * An exception for when the user tries to subtract two diffrent currencies or subtract an amount he doesn't have.
+ */
+public class CannotSubtractException extends Exception {
+  /**
+   * Constructs an exception with the specified message.
+   *
+   * @param message the message shown in the terminal (as a String).
+   */
+  public CannotSubtractException(String message) {
+    super(message);
+  }
+
+}

money/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/Money.java

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+package com.iluwatar;
+
+import lombok.Getter;
+
+/**
+ * Represents a monetary value with an associated currency.
+ * Provides operations for basic arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication),
+ * as well as currency conversion while ensuring proper rounding.
+ */
+@Getter
+public class Money {
+  private @Getter double amount;
+  private @Getter String currency;
+
+  /**
+   * Constructs a Money object with the specified amount and currency.
+   *
+   * @param amnt the amount of money (as a double).
+   * @param curr the currency code (e.g., "USD", "EUR").
+   */
+  public Money(double amnt, String curr) {
+    this.amount = amnt;
+    this.currency = curr;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Rounds the given value to two decimal places.
+   *
+   * @param value the value to round.
+   * @return the rounded value, up to two decimal places.
+   */
+  private double roundToTwoDecimals(double value) {
+    return Math.round(value * 100.0) / 100.0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adds another Money object to the current instance.
+   *
+   * @param moneyToBeAdded the Money object to add.
+   * @throws CannotAddTwoCurrienciesException if the currencies do not match.
+   */
+  public void addMoney(Money moneyToBeAdded) throws CannotAddTwoCurrienciesException {
+    if (!moneyToBeAdded.getCurrency().equals(this.currency)) {
+      throw new CannotAddTwoCurrienciesException("You are trying to add two different currencies");
+    }
+    this.amount = roundToTwoDecimals(this.amount + moneyToBeAdded.getAmount());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Subtracts another Money object from the current instance.
+   *
+   * @param moneyToBeSubtracted the Money object to subtract.
+   * @throws CannotSubtractException if the currencies do not match or if the amount to subtract is larger than the current amount.
+   */
+  public void subtractMoney(Money moneyToBeSubtracted) throws CannotSubtractException {
+    if (!moneyToBeSubtracted.getCurrency().equals(this.currency)) {
+      throw new CannotSubtractException("You are trying to subtract two different currencies");
+    } else if (moneyToBeSubtracted.getAmount() > this.amount) {
+      throw new CannotSubtractException("The amount you are trying to subtract is larger than the amount you have");
+    }
+    this.amount = roundToTwoDecimals(this.amount - moneyToBeSubtracted.getAmount());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Multiplies the current amount of money by a factor.
+   *
+   * @param factor the factor to multiply by.
+   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the factor is negative.
+   */
+  public void multiply(int factor) {
+    if (factor < 0) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Factor must be non-negative");
+    }
+    this.amount = roundToTwoDecimals(this.amount * factor);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts the current amount of money to another currency using the provided exchange rate.
+   *
+   * @param currencyToChangeTo the new currency to convert to.
+   * @param exchangeRate the exchange rate to convert from the current currency to the new currency.
+   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the exchange rate is negative.
+   */
+  public void exchangeCurrency(String currencyToChangeTo, double exchangeRate) {
+    if (exchangeRate < 0) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Exchange rate must be non-negative");
+    }
+    this.amount = roundToTwoDecimals(this.amount * exchangeRate);
+    this.currency = currencyToChangeTo;
+  }
+}