docs: Adding explanation for Producer-Consumer Design Pattern (#2179)

producer-consumer/README.md

@@ -11,6 +11,114 @@ Producer Consumer Design pattern is a classic concurrency pattern which reduces
  coupling between Producer and Consumer by separating Identification of work with Execution of
  Work.
 
+## Explanation 
+
+Real-world example
+
+> Consider a manufacturing process of item, the producer will need to pause the production when 
+> manufacturing pipeline is full and the consumer will need to pause the consumption of item 
+> when the manufacturing pipeline is empty. We can separate the process of production and consumption 
+> which work together and pause at separate times. 
+
+In plain words
+
+> It provides a way to share data between multiple loops running at different rates. 
+
+Wikipedia says
+> Dijkstra wrote about the case: "We consider two processes, which are called the 'producer' 
+> and the 'consumer' respectively. The producer is a cyclic process that produces a certain 
+> portion of information, that has to be processed by the consumer. The consumer is also a cyclic 
+> process that needs to process the next portion of information, as has been produced by the producer 
+> We assume the two processes to be connected for this purpose via a buffer with unbounded capacity."
+
+**Programmatic Example**
+
+Take our Producer and Consumer example from above. Consider we have a `Item` class that is produced by `Producer` class and is added to the `ItemQueue`. 
+
+```java
+public class Producer {
+
+  private static final SecureRandom RANDOM = new SecureRandom();
+
+  private final ItemQueue queue;
+
+  private final String name;
+
+  private int itemId;
+
+  public Producer(String name, ItemQueue queue) {
+    this.name = name;
+    this.queue = queue;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Put item in the queue.
+   */
+  public void produce() throws InterruptedException {
+
+    var item = new Item(name, itemId++);
+    queue.put(item);
+    Thread.sleep(RANDOM.nextInt(2000));
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+Then, we have the `Consumer` class that takes the item from the item queue. 
+
+```java
+
+@Slf4j
+public class Consumer {
+
+  private final ItemQueue queue;
+
+  private final String name;
+
+  public Consumer(String name, ItemQueue queue) {
+    this.name = name;
+    this.queue = queue;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Consume item from the queue.
+   */
+  public void consume() throws InterruptedException {
+    var item = queue.take();
+    LOGGER.info("Consumer [{}] consume item [{}] produced by [{}]", name,
+        item.getId(), item.getProducer());
+
+  }
+}
+``` 
+
+Now, during the manufacturing pipeline, we can instantiate objects from both the `Producer` and `Consumer` clasess as they produce and consumer items from the queue. 
+
+```java
+var queue = new ItemQueue();
+var executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);
+for (var i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+
+    final var producer = new Producer("Producer_" + i, queue);
+    executorService.submit(() -> {
+        while (true) {
+            producer.produce();
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+    final var consumer = new Consumer("Consumer_" + i, queue);
+    executorService.submit(() -> {
+        while (true) {
+            consumer.consume();
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+```
+
+
 ## Class diagram
 ![alt text](./etc/producer-consumer.png "Producer Consumer")