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194 lines
4.5 KiB
Markdown
194 lines
4.5 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: Actor Model
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shortTitle: Actor Model
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category: Concurrency
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language: zh-TW
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tag:
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- Performance
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---
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## 亦稱為
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- 訊息傳遞並行 (Message-passing concurrency)
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- 基於 Actor 的並行 (Actor-based concurrency)
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---
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## Actor Model 模式的意圖
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Actor Model 模式利用隔離的元件 (actor),透過非同步訊息傳遞進行互動,來建構高並行、分散式和容錯的系統。
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---
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## Actor Model 模式的詳細解釋與真實世界範例
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### 📦 現實世界範例
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想像一個客戶服務系統:
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- 每一位 **客戶支援專員** 都是一個**actor**.
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- 客戶 **傳送問題 (訊息) ** 給專員。
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- 每位專員一次處理一個請求,並且能夠 **非同步地回覆** 而不會干擾到其他專員。
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---
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### 🧠 白話解釋
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> 「Actors 就像是獨立的工人,從不共享記憶體,只透過訊息來溝通。」
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---
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### 📖 維基百科說
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> [Actor model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor_model) 是一種並行運算的數學模型,將「actor」視為並行運算的普世基本元素。
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---
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### 🧹 架構圖
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---
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## Java 的 Actor Model 模式程式範例
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### Actor.java
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```java
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public abstract class Actor implements Runnable {
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@Setter @Getter private String actorId;
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private final BlockingQueue<Message> mailbox = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
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private volatile boolean active = true;
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public void send(Message message) {
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mailbox.add(message);
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}
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public void stop() {
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active = false;
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}
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@Override
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public void run() {
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}
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protected abstract void onReceive(Message message);
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}
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```
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### Message.java
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```java
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@AllArgsConstructor
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@Getter
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@Setter
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public class Message {
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private final String content;
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private final String senderId;
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}
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```
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### ActorSystem.java
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```java
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public class ActorSystem {
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public void startActor(Actor actor) {
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String actorId = "actor-" + idCounter.incrementAndGet(); // Generate a new and unique ID
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actor.setActorId(actorId); // assign the actor it's ID
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actorRegister.put(actorId, actor); // Register and save the actor with it's ID
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executor.submit(actor); // Run the actor in a thread
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}
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public Actor getActorById(String actorId) {
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return actorRegister.get(actorId); // Find by Id
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}
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public void shutdown() {
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executor.shutdownNow(); // Stop all threads
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}
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}
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```
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### App.java
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```java
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public class App {
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public static void main(String[] args) {
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ActorSystem system = new ActorSystem();
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Actor srijan = new ExampleActor(system);
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Actor ansh = new ExampleActor2(system);
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system.startActor(srijan);
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system.startActor(ansh);
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ansh.send(new Message("Hello ansh", srijan.getActorId()));
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srijan.send(new Message("Hello srijan!", ansh.getActorId()));
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Thread.sleep(1000); // Give time for messages to process
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srijan.stop(); // Stop the actor gracefully
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ansh.stop();
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system.shutdown(); // Stop the actor system
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}
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}
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```
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---
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## 何時在 Java 中使用 Actor Model 模式
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- 建立 **並行或分散式系統**時
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- 您希望 **沒有共享的可變狀態**時
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- 你需要 **非同步、訊息驅動的通訊**時
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- 元件應 **隔離且鬆散耦合**
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---
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## Actor Model 模式的 Java 教學
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- [Baeldung – Akka with Java](https://www.baeldung.com/java-akka)
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- [Vaughn Vernon – Reactive Messaging Patterns](https://vaughnvernon.co/?p=1143)
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---
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## Actor Model 模式的真實世界應用
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- [Akka 框架](https://akka.io/)
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- [Erlang and Elixir concurrency](https://www.erlang.org/)
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- [Microsoft Orleans](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/orleans/)
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- J基於 JVM 的遊戲引擎和模擬器。
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---
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## Actor Model 模式的優點與權衡
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### ✅ 優點
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- 支援高並行性。
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- 易於跨執行緒或機器進行擴展。
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- 容錯隔離與恢復。
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- 保證 Actor 內部的訊息順序。
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### ⚠️ 權衡
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- 由於非同步行為,偵錯更困難。
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- 由於訊息佇列,會有輕微的效能開銷。
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- 設計上比簡單的方法呼叫更複雜。
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---
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## 相關的 Java 設計模式
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- [Command Pattern](../command)
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- [Mediator Pattern](../mediator)
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- [Event-Driven Architecture](../event-driven-architecture)
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- [Observer Pattern](../observer)
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---
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## 參考資料與致謝
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- *Programming Erlang*, Joe Armstrong
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- *Reactive Design Patterns*, Roland Kuhn
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- *The Actor Model in 10 Minutes*, [InfoQ Article](https://www.infoq.com/articles/actor-model/)
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- [Akka Documentation](https://doc.akka.io/docs/akka/current/index.html)
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